Software Architecture Designing And Creation Of A...

Abstract Evolution of technology has made the software systems complex requiring better methods to improve their quality and this can be done by applying the principles of Software architecture. Over the years, different ways and styles have evolved in this field helping us to understand the software systems. This paper examines and evaluates two of the earliest papers written in this field giving us an insight in today’s world. The techniques mentioned in these two papers have set a base for the developers of today to analyze and further evaluate the software systems. 1. Introduction Software architecture is the designing and creation of a structured framework which comprises elements that meet the software requirements and allows†¦show more content†¦Among her other work, she has received a lot of recognition for her paper ‘Software Architecture’ by her peers. This essay further discusses the work in the two papers and provides critical analysis for both in the following sections. 2. Discussion It can be rightfully said that both the papers have a few positive as well as negative aspects. Index Production System is analyzed in the first paper whereas the second paper focuses on different abstraction techniques and their features. The following sections lists the positive and negative aspects by the respective papers. 2.1 Positive aspects of the first paper †¢ Flowchart method defined. †¢ Proper division of different modules depending on the task assignment. †¢ Features of Objective oriented programming †¢ Proper description of decompositions along with both its advantages and defects. 2.2 Positive aspects of the second paper †¢ Proper description of abstraction programming †¢ Highlighting the importance of subsystems †¢ Explanation of algorithms useful for analysis and improvisation of software †¢ Detailed explanation of the algorithms – Pipes and filters 2.3 Similarities †¢ Division into multiple modules: Modular Programming has been examined by both the papers. Parnas has introduced the types of algorithm data and defined criterion while Shaw has explained it further by providing examples. †¢ Use of Objective oriented programming: Both, Parnas and Shaw, used

Google And Management Of An Internet Search Engine

Google was formed on September 7, 1998, became a privately held company founded in design and management of an Internet search engine. On May 2012, Google bought Motorola mobile for $12.5 billion dollars. Right after on September 7, 2012, Google said it has also acquired the network security Company VirusTotal. Google is currently recognized as the world s largest search engine, which provides easy-to-use free service (Wikipedia). Google has developed a high standard of employee welfare policies, other than the requirement standard by the State and the Federal Government. Google also have many additional benefits to encourage employee to stay safe and healthy, such program includes free food, on-site laundry, dry cleaning, and change†¦show more content†¦One method to solve to problems is the Employee Assistance Program (EAP), which provides counseling and other help to employees having emotional, physical, or other personal problems (Textbook). â€Å"In Google the consumption of alcohol is not banned at our offices, but uses good judgment and never drink in a way that leads to impaired performance or inappropriate behavior, endangers the safety of others or violates the law. Illegal drugs in our offices or at sponsored events are strictly prohibited (Code of Conduct)†. Google offers an Employee Assistance Program including free short term counseling (glassdoor). â€Å"Google are committed to a violence-free work environment, and we will not tolerate any level of violence or the threat of violence in the workplace. Under no circumstances should anyone bring a weapon to work (Code of Conduct)†. In the competitive business world today, I believe there s always room to improve for a company to invest more for the employees’ wellness program. The only way to keep an employee happy at where they ever work is to have better benefits for health and safety. In Google’s case, they have created Indoor entertainment facilities; Google headquarters in indoor bowling, a total of four bowling alleys can let you play the game. And in Google s dance studio, employees can choose 31 different dance classes, from the African

Social Issue in IOT and its Impact for Society - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSocial Issue in IOT and its Impact for Society. Answer: Introduction The internet has been regarded as the connection that exists between individuals and data. Nevertheless, we have been all coping with the degree of the abstraction beyond that. Nevertheless, in contrast to the internet which is the concrete technical infrastructure whose design along with the architecture have been reported well, the internet of things continues to be majorly a vision and only part reality-people IOT technology in addition to the system could exists, there is however absolutely no present coherent global IOT (Atzori, Iera and Morabito, 2010) . Whatever the form, which it will take, the IOT may likely be an extension of the internet. The variances, which exists, between the internet of things and internet can be extremely hard to maintain and they essentially raise comparable issues and problems, an example might be the environment privacy and the protection of the data. The internet of things introduces new challenges, carrying along with it the inherent supposition that the data could be shared across things, programs as well as possibly sectors (Atzori, Iera and Morabito, 2010). The assumption of the data sharing could lead to the internet of thing to have more effect that is dramatic when it comes to the privacy and the protection of the data than other information as well as the communication systems. A good example , when energy or even water meter readings , that are utilized in altering a family in relation to the health of aged relative residing along . The present internet of things applications continue to be extremely conventional, hence they may be more likely to become much more radical, yet emergent and unpredictable and end user led advancement in the foreseeable future just like seen with the internet. In this research, it will highlight the social issue in the internet of things and the impact it has brought. The internet of things has had a significant ability when it comes to the impact of the humankind. We are currently entering in the world where everything could have the potential of becoming connected. According to the IDC, they have estimated that by the year 2020, the installed base for the internet of things could become as high as 212 billion, of this 30 billion will include the connected things Weber, 2010). This is a wide market and this would have a great impact to the average person daily life. There has been talk of the connected as well as the self-driving cars, smart homes or perhaps a connected healthcare is in the work, which shows there is a huge potential for the internet of things world (Vermesan, Friess, Guillemin, Gusmeroli, Sundmaeker, Bassi, Jubert, Mazura, Harrison, Eisenhauer and Doody, 2011). The internet of things has a financial effect additionally, with the project value, which is expected to close the thirty billion by the year 2020. This is one of the maj or factors particularly in the global economy and the connectivity to become the norm especially to the next few years. The Effects of the Internet of Things on Society Along with the promises to the IOT, there comes some implications that include the heighted feats of the potential grievous effects of hacking as well as cyber theft in the world of billion to which the internet has been connected to the social devices, along with the concerns of privacy (Guo, Zhang, Wang, Yu and Zhou, 2013). The potential of the internet of things depends upon the methods that are in respect to the individuals privacy options throughout the wide range of the anticipation (Weber, 2010). The data streams along with the user specificity, which can be afforded by the internet of things devices, might unlock certain extraordinary in addition to exclusive value to the IOT users (Coetzee and Eksteen, 2011). The potential concerns regarding the privacy and potential harm might limit the full adoption of the IOT. The privacy privileges and the respect of the individuals privacy anticipation are very important to have the ability to ensure they have trust and confidence in th e internet, the devices connected along with other affiliated services. Security is another impact of the internet of things. The security issues are not new in the information technology, the features of the implementation of things found new in addition to unique security problems (Miorandi, Sicari, De Pellegrini and Chlamtac, 2012). Dealing with on these types of problems along with making certain the security in the internet of things both products and services needs to be an integral priority (Miorandi, Sicari, De Pellegrini and Chlamtac, 2012). The users should trust that the internet of things devices along with related data services are more secure from all the vulnerabilities especially this technology happens to be more pervasive in addition to integrated to our daily lives (Coetzee and Eksteen, 2011). Having a poorly secured internet of things devices along with the services might serve as a prospective loophole for the cyber-attack and reveal the user data to theft hence leaving a stream of data protected inadequately. The interconnected natu re of the internet of things devices means that every device that is secured poorly and connected online could affect the security as well as the resilience of the internet globally (Gubbi, Buyya, Marusic and Palaniswami, 2013.). Some of the other consideration such as the mass scale deployments of the homogenous internet of things devices have amplified this challenge. The developers as well as the users of the internet of things devices as well as the systems should have a collective obligation in ensuring that they do not expose the users and the internet itself to the potential of the harm (Medaglia and Serbanati, 2010). The forecasts of the impact of the internet of things on the society is the fact that it overemphasize on the function of the technology and presume on the causality, which can be possibly not present (Carcary, 2009). There was therefore a risk which has been related to the study of the IOT will prioritize on the specialized things along with neglect on the social aspects to the specialized system along with the information structure (Carcary, 2009). The technology not just an affiliate of a given time and place in the history however it is additionally a technological advancement and its effect there is certainly a danger to disregard the point that most of the developments will not essentially originate simply in the systems themselves (Sundmaeker, Guillemin, Friess and Woelffl, 2010). The social science perspectives would play a crucial role when it comes to identifying and challenging the assumptions in regards to the design, the implementation and the impact of the IOT to the va rious social context. Conclusion According to the IDC, it has made some predictions in regards to the growth potential for the internet of things, but what would be the future potential for this technology. I believe there would be a future where connectivity will be the norm, and not a novel thing. We are practically there already especially when everybody is holding a smart phone in the hand and remaining connected at all the times. The sociotechnical trends will affect the context of the internet of things deployments in the short term and long run. Much of the relevant will be continued to the growth of the population, the aging population and the workforce. There would be also increase in the urbanization, continuation of the high rates of the international migration and the high rates of the workforce disruption, which requires retraining. The internet of things would influence the society through facilitating on the untethering of the work particularly from the workplaces, the increased in the potential from the migration without necessary losing the touch with the friends and the family, making of physical more user friendly especially to the older individuals and improve of the personal security through surveillance. As much as its bring positive aspect, it will also bring negative effects particularly on the exposure of formerly private personal behaviors, the loss of the privacy, and the vulnerability to the serious cyber disruptions. What we can say is that there would be unintended consequences, which we could possibly not yet foresee but the standards, and the regulations will bring a perceived need, and a major responsibility to people to protect themselves. References Atzori, L., Iera, A. and Morabito, G., 2010. The internet of things: A survey. Computer networks, 54(15), pp.2787-2805. Carcary, M., 2009. The research audit trialenhancing trustworthiness in qualitative inquiry. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 7(1), pp.11-24. Coetzee, L. and Eksteen, J., 2011, May. The Internet of Things-promise for the future? An introduction. In IST-Africa Conference Proceedings, 2011 (pp. 1-9). IEEE. Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S. and Palaniswami, M., 2013. Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions. Future generation computer systems, 29(7), pp.1645-1660. Guo, B., Zhang, D., Wang, Z., Yu, Z. and Zhou, X., 2013. Opportunistic IoT: exploring the harmonious interaction between human and the internet of things. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 36(6), pp.1531-1539. Medaglia, C.M. and Serbanati, A., 2010. An overview of privacy and security issues in the internet of things. In The Internet of Things (pp. 389-395). Springer New York. Miorandi, D., Sicari, S., De Pellegrini, F. and Chlamtac, I., 2012. Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges. Ad Hoc Networks, 10(7), pp.1497-1516. Sundmaeker, H., Guillemin, P., Friess, P. and Woelffl, S., 2010. Vision and challenges for realising the Internet of Things. Cluster of European Research Projects on the Internet of Things, European Commision. Vermesan, O., Friess, P., Guillemin, P., Gusmeroli, S., Sundmaeker, H., Bassi, A., Jubert, I.S., Mazura, M., Harrison, Mz, Eisenhauer, M. and Doody, P., 2011. Internet of things strategic research roadmap. Internet of Things-Global Technological and Societal Trends, 1, pp.9-52. Weber, R.H., 2010. Internet of ThingsNew security and privacy challenges. Computer law security review, 26(1), pp.23-30.

Web of Institutionalization

Introduction This paper aims to discuss the use of web of institutionalization developed by Caren Levy (1998) in assessing the opportunities for community-led development. We will discuss a particular conflict situation, the construction of the Ilisu Dam on the lower Tigris River, and make general conclusions based on our discussion.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Web of Institutionalization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The case of the Ilisu Dam is quite interesting: on the one hand, this project may create at least 10.000 jobs; however, it will force more than fifty thousand people to resettle. Furthermore, it will virtually erase a great number of cultural heritage sites (Johnson et al, 2010, p 3). This situation can be regarded as conflict of interests, and one has to carefully evaluate the motives of each party that can be involved in this conflict. Such tool as web of institutionalization can be applied to assess the opportunities for sustainability of social justice and policy planning. Furthermore, with its help one can develop strategies for resolving the dispute. These are the key issues that will be scrutinized in this paper. Web of institutionalization as an assessment tool In this part of the paper we need to describe the model offered by Caren Levy. The author defines institutionalization as â€Å"the process whereby social practices become sufficiently regular and continuous to be described as institutions† (Levy, 1998, p 254). To some extent, institutionalization can be viewed as provision of guidelines that regulate the relation between people and help to resolve disputes or conflicts (Shaffer, 2004). The web itself constitutes thirteen elements, yet, their exact number depends on the specific situation, as under some circumstances, the elements of the web may be either very weak or even non-existent1. This web represents a chain of factors and processes which ar e needed for the institutionalization of a social phenomenon, for instance, pressure of political constituencies, political commitment, the structures that represent the rights of certain interest groups, methodologies that help to implement a social policy and so forth (Levy, 1998, p 254). In its nature, web of institutionalization is a guideline that helps a political party or any other organization to work out an action plan.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, it can also be used as diagnostic tool. In such case, its main objective is to measure the extent of institutionalization. On the whole, the components of the web can be categorized into four spheres of influence which are as follows: Citizen Sphere, Policy Sphere, Organizational Sphere and Delivery Sphere (Johnson et al, 2010, p 13). We will study the case from the perspective of interests of those peo ple whose living conditions will be endangered by the construction of the Ilisu Dam. Under the current circumstances, the main task is to provide these people with an opportunity to participate in decision-making and help them to better protect their rights. We will discuss the Ilisu Dam case considering four spheres listed above and then make generalizing conclusions about how the web of institutionalization can be used in analogical projects with respect to each sphere. Application of the web to a particular situation Citizen Sphere If we apply the web of institutionalization, we can say that the citizen sphere will consist of three elements. The first component is the experiences of those people, who will have to find new housing due to the construction of this dam (Johnson et al, 2010). In other words, the increased public concern will be the most crucial factor that may force the government to re-evaluate the necessity for project or at least to develop alternatives that would better suit the needs of this population. The second element of citizen sphere is the pressure of political constituencies or forces which influence the government in any possible way. As for the Ilisu Dam case, we can speak primarily about the representatives of Kurdish nationalist movement, because the majority of people, who may need to resettle, are Kurds (Atakuman, 2010, p 119). The key issue is that as a result of this construction the water will flood many sites that are of historical importance to Kurdish people (Smith, 2006). The power of Kurdish nationalist movement is very strong, in part because the government of Turkey does not want to attract international attention to this ethnic problem of the country (Arat, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Web of Institutionalization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second player that can impact the outcome of this conflict is UNESCO. If this internati onal organization decides that Hasankeyf centers are the world cultural heritage, the government may put an end to the construction of the Ilisu Dam (Johnson et al, 2010, p 7). Additionally, one should not disregard the role of non-governmental agencies that operate across Europe. For instance, we can mention ECA (Export Credit Agency) Watch. This is the institution that regulates international export financing. ECA Watch insists that European investors should not take part in this project as it will have disastrous ecological and cultural effects (ECA Watch, n. d.). Apart from that, the governments of bordering countries such as Syria or Iraq will also oppose to this project because they are very dependent on water supplies and the Ilisu dam will make them even more dependent on Turkey (ECA Watch, n. d. p, 12). Another group of players that will pay attention to this project are human right organizations. This project may leave many people homeless, and if the government does not o ffer them an adequate substitute for their houses, the construction of the Ilisu Dam will be a direct violation of human rights. The combined power of these stakeholders is very strong, and Turkish government cannot disregard their opinion. The third element of the citizen sphere is the representative political structure or the political party or parties that act in the best interest of these people. Unfortunately, Kurdish people are heavily underrepresented from political standpoint and there is no party in the Turkish parliament that could voice their discontent (Roy, 2005, p 360). As a matter of fact, Turkish laws do not allow forming parties on an ethnic basis. Thus, we can say that this element of the web is very weak. Thus, the web of institutionalization can help evaluate the effects caused by the Citizen Sphere powers that will act and complement each other if a project is implemented. These powers are the increased public concerns, impact of political forces that are capabl e to influence the government, and the political structures that represent people’s interests.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Together, these three powers may have significant influence on the outcome of the project implementation, that is why it is important to consider them when developing the action plan. Policy Sphere The policy sphere is also comprised of the elements: 1) political commitment or the willingness of politicians to address the needs of this population; 2) policy planning or those legislative acts that support the rights of people whose wellbeing is imperiled by a community-led development project; 3) resources or ways of translating the policy into practice (Levy, 1998, p ). As regards the Ilisu dam case, the level of political commitment is very low because Turkish government is not very interested in the needs of people, who will be deprived of their houses. They are only concerned with international reaction to this problem, as the construction of the Ilisu dam can be viewed as discrimination against Kurds. They will also have to take into account the objections raised by Syria and Ir aq if these countries do object to this project. Yet, this is most likely an obligation rather than commitment. The existing Turkish policies also will not help these people to guard themselves against intrusion into their lives. According to the current legislation, a new resettlement law, the government is not required to inform people about the resettlement plan and the options they have. Furthermore, these families are not permitted to choose the location of their resettlement. Finally, they will be compensated only for their housing; no other losses will be taken into account (Eberlein, 2007, p 8). Overall, Turkish resettlement laws do not meet the standards, established in the EU and in no way they can promote the interests of these people (Wegerish Warner, 2010). The population of these areas has virtually no resources that would help them to support their interests. There is no political commitment of the government and no legislation to help them. They can only rely on the assistance of non-governmental organizations, for example, the Nature Association of Turkey and the Initiative to Keep Hasankeyf Alive (Johnson et al, 2010, p 7). These NGOs will not approve the construction of the Ilisu dam, as it will pose a threat to environment and destroy many historical sites. The only thing that will really help them to uphold their opinion is the willingness of the Turkish government to enter the EU (The Economist, 2010). The thing is that they will certainly want no international scandal to break out in connection with this dam and particularly the rights of Kurdish people. Thus, the elements included into the Policy Sphere of the web of institutionalization help to evaluate whether policies that relate to a project that is going to be implemented are â€Å"consonant† with the community’s interests. It gives opportunity to see the extent to which the community will actually benefit from a project and â€Å"how much† will it â€Å"cost † to it. Organizational Sphere The Organizational Sphere comprises such elements as mainstream location of responsibility and procedures (Levy, 1998). The first component, mainstream location of responsibility, can be understood as the willingness of the governmental agencies to take responsibility for the well-being of this population. As regards the Ilisu dam case, there are several agencies that will be held answerable for the resettlement of these people: 1) the District Governorate of Hasankeyf and various regional developmental authorities or RDAs (Johnson et al, 2010, p 5). The key difficulty is that the scope of their responsibilities is very limited and it can be explained by the fact that Turkish resettlement laws do not require the local government to offer adequate compensation to the displaced population (Eberlein, 2007). As concerns the procedural part of resettlement, we need to point out that very little attention has been given to this aspect. For instance, Tu rkish State Hydraulic Works did not offer any security to the people, who may be displaced. In this case, the term security means a sum of money that must be paid for the dispossession (Eberlein, 2007, p 8). More importantly, no information was provided to the affected people about the resettlement plan. It seems that their opinion is of no interest for the local government. Thus, the components of the Organizational Sphere help understand to what extent the way fulfillment of a project is organized ensures people’s safety and secures their interest. Delivery Sphere The elements included to the Delivery Sphere, such as delivery of programs and projects or staff development, reflect how the corresponding fields will meet the needs of the population. Together with the elements of these three Spheres, they give the full picture of what impact the implementation of a project will have on people. As for the Ilisu dam case, at this point, we cannot speak about the delivery sphere b ecause no resettlement has yet to begin. However, judging from policy sphere and organizational sphere we can argue that the needs of the displaced population will not be met. The most dangerous thing is that no one will attempt to address their grievances. As a matter of fact, such element of institutionalization web as delivery of programs and projects or staff development are non-existent in this case. This is why it is very difficult to apply this model for this particular situation. Discussion The examination of the Ilisu dam case has enabled us to identify those strings which must be pulled in order to prevent the construction of the Ilisu Dam or at least to help those people who will be deprived of their property as a result of this project. First of all, this country intends to enter the European Union, and the government has to make sure that Turkish laws and governmental agencies meet the standards, established by the European commission (ÇarkoÄŸlu Rubin, 2003). Thu s, the Ilisu project can be a great barrier on Turkey’s integration into the European Community. Another reason why Turkish State Hydraulic Works may be forced to abandon the construction is active participation of human rights agencies, which must show that the Ilisu dam threatens the well-being of a large Kurdish community. In fact, political underrepresentation of Kurds is the key obstacle on Turkey’s way to the EU. Finally, Turkish government has to take into consideration its relations with other countries such as Syria and Iraq. The construction of the Ilisu dam can sever Turkish partnerships with these states. These are the forces that may help the displaced population to receive adequate compensation for their losses. Conclusion Having discussed the Ilisu dam case, we have seen how the web of institutionalization can be used as an assessment and diagnostic tool in relation to project implementation. Thus, it can be successfully applied to different community-le d development project to anticipate and avoid violation of people’s interest. On the whole, web of institutionalization is a very effective tool for evaluating social practices and assessing the behavior of governmental institutions. The findings, collected in this way may help to protect the interests of certain populations. Nonetheless, one has to bear in mind that it was initially designed for the institutionalization of gender (Levy, 1998). Caren Levy tried to develop a strategy for empowering women in society. In itself, this web is not supposed to resolve conflict situations. Appendix Picture 1 (Levi, 1998, p 256) Reference List Anonymous author. (2010). â€Å"A special report on Turkey: anchor weigh†. The Economist. Arat. Z. 2007. Human rights in Turkey. University of Pennsylvania Press. Atakuman. C. 2010. Value of Heritage in Turkey: History and Politics of Turkey’s World Heritage. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology. 23.1 (2010) 107-131. ÇarkoÄŸ lu. A. Rubin. B. 2003. Turkey and the European Union: domestic politics, economic integration, and international dynamics. London. Routledge. Eberlein C. 2007. Evaluation of the Terms of Reference on Resettlement and their implementation for the Ilisu Dam Project in Turkey. Export Credit Agency. ECA Watch (n.d) â€Å"Stop Ilisu†. Export Credit Agency. Johnson C. , Canellakis K. Paquet B. et al. 2010. The Iluse Dam: Negotiating the Future of Hasankeyf and the Tigris River Valley in Southeastern Anatolia. University College London. Levy C. 1998 Institutionalization of Gender through Participatory Practice. In Gujt I. Shah. M. ed. The myth of community: gender issues in participatory development. NY: Intermediate Technology Publications. Kurdish Human Rights Project. 1999. The Ilisu Dam: a human rights disaster in the making : a report on the implications of the Ilisu Hydro-Electric Power Project, Batman Province, Southeast Turkey following a fact-finding mission to the regio n. Kurdish Human Rights Project. Oktem K. 2002 When Dams are Built on Shaky Grounds. Erdkunde. pp 310-315 Roy. O. 2005. Turkey today: a European country? NY: Anthem Press. Smith. H. 2006. â€Å"Bathed In controversy† Guardian. Shaffer. E. 2004. Institutionalization of usability: a step-by-step guide. Addison-Wesley. Yildiz. K. 2005. The Kurds in Turkey: EU accession and human rights. Pluto Press in association with Kurdish Human Rights Project. Wegerish K. Warner J. 2010 Politics of Water: A Survey. London: Taylor Francis. Footnotes 1 To see the web of institutionalization refer to the Appendixes Picture 1. This essay on Web of Institutionalization was written and submitted by user Analia Benton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.