Software Architecture Designing And Creation Of A...

Abstract Evolution of technology has made the software systems complex requiring better methods to improve their quality and this can be done by applying the principles of Software architecture. Over the years, different ways and styles have evolved in this field helping us to understand the software systems. This paper examines and evaluates two of the earliest papers written in this field giving us an insight in today’s world. The techniques mentioned in these two papers have set a base for the developers of today to analyze and further evaluate the software systems. 1. Introduction Software architecture is the designing and creation of a structured framework which comprises elements that meet the software requirements and allows†¦show more content†¦Among her other work, she has received a lot of recognition for her paper ‘Software Architecture’ by her peers. This essay further discusses the work in the two papers and provides critical analysis for both in the following sections. 2. Discussion It can be rightfully said that both the papers have a few positive as well as negative aspects. Index Production System is analyzed in the first paper whereas the second paper focuses on different abstraction techniques and their features. The following sections lists the positive and negative aspects by the respective papers. 2.1 Positive aspects of the first paper †¢ Flowchart method defined. †¢ Proper division of different modules depending on the task assignment. †¢ Features of Objective oriented programming †¢ Proper description of decompositions along with both its advantages and defects. 2.2 Positive aspects of the second paper †¢ Proper description of abstraction programming †¢ Highlighting the importance of subsystems †¢ Explanation of algorithms useful for analysis and improvisation of software †¢ Detailed explanation of the algorithms – Pipes and filters 2.3 Similarities †¢ Division into multiple modules: Modular Programming has been examined by both the papers. Parnas has introduced the types of algorithm data and defined criterion while Shaw has explained it further by providing examples. †¢ Use of Objective oriented programming: Both, Parnas and Shaw, used

Google And Management Of An Internet Search Engine

Google was formed on September 7, 1998, became a privately held company founded in design and management of an Internet search engine. On May 2012, Google bought Motorola mobile for $12.5 billion dollars. Right after on September 7, 2012, Google said it has also acquired the network security Company VirusTotal. Google is currently recognized as the world s largest search engine, which provides easy-to-use free service (Wikipedia). Google has developed a high standard of employee welfare policies, other than the requirement standard by the State and the Federal Government. Google also have many additional benefits to encourage employee to stay safe and healthy, such program includes free food, on-site laundry, dry cleaning, and change†¦show more content†¦One method to solve to problems is the Employee Assistance Program (EAP), which provides counseling and other help to employees having emotional, physical, or other personal problems (Textbook). â€Å"In Google the consumption of alcohol is not banned at our offices, but uses good judgment and never drink in a way that leads to impaired performance or inappropriate behavior, endangers the safety of others or violates the law. Illegal drugs in our offices or at sponsored events are strictly prohibited (Code of Conduct)†. Google offers an Employee Assistance Program including free short term counseling (glassdoor). â€Å"Google are committed to a violence-free work environment, and we will not tolerate any level of violence or the threat of violence in the workplace. Under no circumstances should anyone bring a weapon to work (Code of Conduct)†. In the competitive business world today, I believe there s always room to improve for a company to invest more for the employees’ wellness program. The only way to keep an employee happy at where they ever work is to have better benefits for health and safety. In Google’s case, they have created Indoor entertainment facilities; Google headquarters in indoor bowling, a total of four bowling alleys can let you play the game. And in Google s dance studio, employees can choose 31 different dance classes, from the African

Social Issue in IOT and its Impact for Society - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSocial Issue in IOT and its Impact for Society. Answer: Introduction The internet has been regarded as the connection that exists between individuals and data. Nevertheless, we have been all coping with the degree of the abstraction beyond that. Nevertheless, in contrast to the internet which is the concrete technical infrastructure whose design along with the architecture have been reported well, the internet of things continues to be majorly a vision and only part reality-people IOT technology in addition to the system could exists, there is however absolutely no present coherent global IOT (Atzori, Iera and Morabito, 2010) . Whatever the form, which it will take, the IOT may likely be an extension of the internet. The variances, which exists, between the internet of things and internet can be extremely hard to maintain and they essentially raise comparable issues and problems, an example might be the environment privacy and the protection of the data. The internet of things introduces new challenges, carrying along with it the inherent supposition that the data could be shared across things, programs as well as possibly sectors (Atzori, Iera and Morabito, 2010). The assumption of the data sharing could lead to the internet of thing to have more effect that is dramatic when it comes to the privacy and the protection of the data than other information as well as the communication systems. A good example , when energy or even water meter readings , that are utilized in altering a family in relation to the health of aged relative residing along . The present internet of things applications continue to be extremely conventional, hence they may be more likely to become much more radical, yet emergent and unpredictable and end user led advancement in the foreseeable future just like seen with the internet. In this research, it will highlight the social issue in the internet of things and the impact it has brought. The internet of things has had a significant ability when it comes to the impact of the humankind. We are currently entering in the world where everything could have the potential of becoming connected. According to the IDC, they have estimated that by the year 2020, the installed base for the internet of things could become as high as 212 billion, of this 30 billion will include the connected things Weber, 2010). This is a wide market and this would have a great impact to the average person daily life. There has been talk of the connected as well as the self-driving cars, smart homes or perhaps a connected healthcare is in the work, which shows there is a huge potential for the internet of things world (Vermesan, Friess, Guillemin, Gusmeroli, Sundmaeker, Bassi, Jubert, Mazura, Harrison, Eisenhauer and Doody, 2011). The internet of things has a financial effect additionally, with the project value, which is expected to close the thirty billion by the year 2020. This is one of the maj or factors particularly in the global economy and the connectivity to become the norm especially to the next few years. The Effects of the Internet of Things on Society Along with the promises to the IOT, there comes some implications that include the heighted feats of the potential grievous effects of hacking as well as cyber theft in the world of billion to which the internet has been connected to the social devices, along with the concerns of privacy (Guo, Zhang, Wang, Yu and Zhou, 2013). The potential of the internet of things depends upon the methods that are in respect to the individuals privacy options throughout the wide range of the anticipation (Weber, 2010). The data streams along with the user specificity, which can be afforded by the internet of things devices, might unlock certain extraordinary in addition to exclusive value to the IOT users (Coetzee and Eksteen, 2011). The potential concerns regarding the privacy and potential harm might limit the full adoption of the IOT. The privacy privileges and the respect of the individuals privacy anticipation are very important to have the ability to ensure they have trust and confidence in th e internet, the devices connected along with other affiliated services. Security is another impact of the internet of things. The security issues are not new in the information technology, the features of the implementation of things found new in addition to unique security problems (Miorandi, Sicari, De Pellegrini and Chlamtac, 2012). Dealing with on these types of problems along with making certain the security in the internet of things both products and services needs to be an integral priority (Miorandi, Sicari, De Pellegrini and Chlamtac, 2012). The users should trust that the internet of things devices along with related data services are more secure from all the vulnerabilities especially this technology happens to be more pervasive in addition to integrated to our daily lives (Coetzee and Eksteen, 2011). Having a poorly secured internet of things devices along with the services might serve as a prospective loophole for the cyber-attack and reveal the user data to theft hence leaving a stream of data protected inadequately. The interconnected natu re of the internet of things devices means that every device that is secured poorly and connected online could affect the security as well as the resilience of the internet globally (Gubbi, Buyya, Marusic and Palaniswami, 2013.). Some of the other consideration such as the mass scale deployments of the homogenous internet of things devices have amplified this challenge. The developers as well as the users of the internet of things devices as well as the systems should have a collective obligation in ensuring that they do not expose the users and the internet itself to the potential of the harm (Medaglia and Serbanati, 2010). The forecasts of the impact of the internet of things on the society is the fact that it overemphasize on the function of the technology and presume on the causality, which can be possibly not present (Carcary, 2009). There was therefore a risk which has been related to the study of the IOT will prioritize on the specialized things along with neglect on the social aspects to the specialized system along with the information structure (Carcary, 2009). The technology not just an affiliate of a given time and place in the history however it is additionally a technological advancement and its effect there is certainly a danger to disregard the point that most of the developments will not essentially originate simply in the systems themselves (Sundmaeker, Guillemin, Friess and Woelffl, 2010). The social science perspectives would play a crucial role when it comes to identifying and challenging the assumptions in regards to the design, the implementation and the impact of the IOT to the va rious social context. Conclusion According to the IDC, it has made some predictions in regards to the growth potential for the internet of things, but what would be the future potential for this technology. I believe there would be a future where connectivity will be the norm, and not a novel thing. We are practically there already especially when everybody is holding a smart phone in the hand and remaining connected at all the times. The sociotechnical trends will affect the context of the internet of things deployments in the short term and long run. Much of the relevant will be continued to the growth of the population, the aging population and the workforce. There would be also increase in the urbanization, continuation of the high rates of the international migration and the high rates of the workforce disruption, which requires retraining. The internet of things would influence the society through facilitating on the untethering of the work particularly from the workplaces, the increased in the potential from the migration without necessary losing the touch with the friends and the family, making of physical more user friendly especially to the older individuals and improve of the personal security through surveillance. As much as its bring positive aspect, it will also bring negative effects particularly on the exposure of formerly private personal behaviors, the loss of the privacy, and the vulnerability to the serious cyber disruptions. What we can say is that there would be unintended consequences, which we could possibly not yet foresee but the standards, and the regulations will bring a perceived need, and a major responsibility to people to protect themselves. References Atzori, L., Iera, A. and Morabito, G., 2010. The internet of things: A survey. Computer networks, 54(15), pp.2787-2805. Carcary, M., 2009. The research audit trialenhancing trustworthiness in qualitative inquiry. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 7(1), pp.11-24. Coetzee, L. and Eksteen, J., 2011, May. The Internet of Things-promise for the future? An introduction. In IST-Africa Conference Proceedings, 2011 (pp. 1-9). IEEE. Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S. and Palaniswami, M., 2013. Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions. Future generation computer systems, 29(7), pp.1645-1660. Guo, B., Zhang, D., Wang, Z., Yu, Z. and Zhou, X., 2013. Opportunistic IoT: exploring the harmonious interaction between human and the internet of things. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 36(6), pp.1531-1539. Medaglia, C.M. and Serbanati, A., 2010. An overview of privacy and security issues in the internet of things. In The Internet of Things (pp. 389-395). Springer New York. Miorandi, D., Sicari, S., De Pellegrini, F. and Chlamtac, I., 2012. Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges. Ad Hoc Networks, 10(7), pp.1497-1516. Sundmaeker, H., Guillemin, P., Friess, P. and Woelffl, S., 2010. Vision and challenges for realising the Internet of Things. Cluster of European Research Projects on the Internet of Things, European Commision. Vermesan, O., Friess, P., Guillemin, P., Gusmeroli, S., Sundmaeker, H., Bassi, A., Jubert, I.S., Mazura, M., Harrison, Mz, Eisenhauer, M. and Doody, P., 2011. Internet of things strategic research roadmap. Internet of Things-Global Technological and Societal Trends, 1, pp.9-52. Weber, R.H., 2010. Internet of ThingsNew security and privacy challenges. Computer law security review, 26(1), pp.23-30.

Web of Institutionalization

Introduction This paper aims to discuss the use of web of institutionalization developed by Caren Levy (1998) in assessing the opportunities for community-led development. We will discuss a particular conflict situation, the construction of the Ilisu Dam on the lower Tigris River, and make general conclusions based on our discussion.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Web of Institutionalization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The case of the Ilisu Dam is quite interesting: on the one hand, this project may create at least 10.000 jobs; however, it will force more than fifty thousand people to resettle. Furthermore, it will virtually erase a great number of cultural heritage sites (Johnson et al, 2010, p 3). This situation can be regarded as conflict of interests, and one has to carefully evaluate the motives of each party that can be involved in this conflict. Such tool as web of institutionalization can be applied to assess the opportunities for sustainability of social justice and policy planning. Furthermore, with its help one can develop strategies for resolving the dispute. These are the key issues that will be scrutinized in this paper. Web of institutionalization as an assessment tool In this part of the paper we need to describe the model offered by Caren Levy. The author defines institutionalization as â€Å"the process whereby social practices become sufficiently regular and continuous to be described as institutions† (Levy, 1998, p 254). To some extent, institutionalization can be viewed as provision of guidelines that regulate the relation between people and help to resolve disputes or conflicts (Shaffer, 2004). The web itself constitutes thirteen elements, yet, their exact number depends on the specific situation, as under some circumstances, the elements of the web may be either very weak or even non-existent1. This web represents a chain of factors and processes which ar e needed for the institutionalization of a social phenomenon, for instance, pressure of political constituencies, political commitment, the structures that represent the rights of certain interest groups, methodologies that help to implement a social policy and so forth (Levy, 1998, p 254). In its nature, web of institutionalization is a guideline that helps a political party or any other organization to work out an action plan.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, it can also be used as diagnostic tool. In such case, its main objective is to measure the extent of institutionalization. On the whole, the components of the web can be categorized into four spheres of influence which are as follows: Citizen Sphere, Policy Sphere, Organizational Sphere and Delivery Sphere (Johnson et al, 2010, p 13). We will study the case from the perspective of interests of those peo ple whose living conditions will be endangered by the construction of the Ilisu Dam. Under the current circumstances, the main task is to provide these people with an opportunity to participate in decision-making and help them to better protect their rights. We will discuss the Ilisu Dam case considering four spheres listed above and then make generalizing conclusions about how the web of institutionalization can be used in analogical projects with respect to each sphere. Application of the web to a particular situation Citizen Sphere If we apply the web of institutionalization, we can say that the citizen sphere will consist of three elements. The first component is the experiences of those people, who will have to find new housing due to the construction of this dam (Johnson et al, 2010). In other words, the increased public concern will be the most crucial factor that may force the government to re-evaluate the necessity for project or at least to develop alternatives that would better suit the needs of this population. The second element of citizen sphere is the pressure of political constituencies or forces which influence the government in any possible way. As for the Ilisu Dam case, we can speak primarily about the representatives of Kurdish nationalist movement, because the majority of people, who may need to resettle, are Kurds (Atakuman, 2010, p 119). The key issue is that as a result of this construction the water will flood many sites that are of historical importance to Kurdish people (Smith, 2006). The power of Kurdish nationalist movement is very strong, in part because the government of Turkey does not want to attract international attention to this ethnic problem of the country (Arat, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Web of Institutionalization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second player that can impact the outcome of this conflict is UNESCO. If this internati onal organization decides that Hasankeyf centers are the world cultural heritage, the government may put an end to the construction of the Ilisu Dam (Johnson et al, 2010, p 7). Additionally, one should not disregard the role of non-governmental agencies that operate across Europe. For instance, we can mention ECA (Export Credit Agency) Watch. This is the institution that regulates international export financing. ECA Watch insists that European investors should not take part in this project as it will have disastrous ecological and cultural effects (ECA Watch, n. d.). Apart from that, the governments of bordering countries such as Syria or Iraq will also oppose to this project because they are very dependent on water supplies and the Ilisu dam will make them even more dependent on Turkey (ECA Watch, n. d. p, 12). Another group of players that will pay attention to this project are human right organizations. This project may leave many people homeless, and if the government does not o ffer them an adequate substitute for their houses, the construction of the Ilisu Dam will be a direct violation of human rights. The combined power of these stakeholders is very strong, and Turkish government cannot disregard their opinion. The third element of the citizen sphere is the representative political structure or the political party or parties that act in the best interest of these people. Unfortunately, Kurdish people are heavily underrepresented from political standpoint and there is no party in the Turkish parliament that could voice their discontent (Roy, 2005, p 360). As a matter of fact, Turkish laws do not allow forming parties on an ethnic basis. Thus, we can say that this element of the web is very weak. Thus, the web of institutionalization can help evaluate the effects caused by the Citizen Sphere powers that will act and complement each other if a project is implemented. These powers are the increased public concerns, impact of political forces that are capabl e to influence the government, and the political structures that represent people’s interests.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Together, these three powers may have significant influence on the outcome of the project implementation, that is why it is important to consider them when developing the action plan. Policy Sphere The policy sphere is also comprised of the elements: 1) political commitment or the willingness of politicians to address the needs of this population; 2) policy planning or those legislative acts that support the rights of people whose wellbeing is imperiled by a community-led development project; 3) resources or ways of translating the policy into practice (Levy, 1998, p ). As regards the Ilisu dam case, the level of political commitment is very low because Turkish government is not very interested in the needs of people, who will be deprived of their houses. They are only concerned with international reaction to this problem, as the construction of the Ilisu dam can be viewed as discrimination against Kurds. They will also have to take into account the objections raised by Syria and Ir aq if these countries do object to this project. Yet, this is most likely an obligation rather than commitment. The existing Turkish policies also will not help these people to guard themselves against intrusion into their lives. According to the current legislation, a new resettlement law, the government is not required to inform people about the resettlement plan and the options they have. Furthermore, these families are not permitted to choose the location of their resettlement. Finally, they will be compensated only for their housing; no other losses will be taken into account (Eberlein, 2007, p 8). Overall, Turkish resettlement laws do not meet the standards, established in the EU and in no way they can promote the interests of these people (Wegerish Warner, 2010). The population of these areas has virtually no resources that would help them to support their interests. There is no political commitment of the government and no legislation to help them. They can only rely on the assistance of non-governmental organizations, for example, the Nature Association of Turkey and the Initiative to Keep Hasankeyf Alive (Johnson et al, 2010, p 7). These NGOs will not approve the construction of the Ilisu dam, as it will pose a threat to environment and destroy many historical sites. The only thing that will really help them to uphold their opinion is the willingness of the Turkish government to enter the EU (The Economist, 2010). The thing is that they will certainly want no international scandal to break out in connection with this dam and particularly the rights of Kurdish people. Thus, the elements included into the Policy Sphere of the web of institutionalization help to evaluate whether policies that relate to a project that is going to be implemented are â€Å"consonant† with the community’s interests. It gives opportunity to see the extent to which the community will actually benefit from a project and â€Å"how much† will it â€Å"cost † to it. Organizational Sphere The Organizational Sphere comprises such elements as mainstream location of responsibility and procedures (Levy, 1998). The first component, mainstream location of responsibility, can be understood as the willingness of the governmental agencies to take responsibility for the well-being of this population. As regards the Ilisu dam case, there are several agencies that will be held answerable for the resettlement of these people: 1) the District Governorate of Hasankeyf and various regional developmental authorities or RDAs (Johnson et al, 2010, p 5). The key difficulty is that the scope of their responsibilities is very limited and it can be explained by the fact that Turkish resettlement laws do not require the local government to offer adequate compensation to the displaced population (Eberlein, 2007). As concerns the procedural part of resettlement, we need to point out that very little attention has been given to this aspect. For instance, Tu rkish State Hydraulic Works did not offer any security to the people, who may be displaced. In this case, the term security means a sum of money that must be paid for the dispossession (Eberlein, 2007, p 8). More importantly, no information was provided to the affected people about the resettlement plan. It seems that their opinion is of no interest for the local government. Thus, the components of the Organizational Sphere help understand to what extent the way fulfillment of a project is organized ensures people’s safety and secures their interest. Delivery Sphere The elements included to the Delivery Sphere, such as delivery of programs and projects or staff development, reflect how the corresponding fields will meet the needs of the population. Together with the elements of these three Spheres, they give the full picture of what impact the implementation of a project will have on people. As for the Ilisu dam case, at this point, we cannot speak about the delivery sphere b ecause no resettlement has yet to begin. However, judging from policy sphere and organizational sphere we can argue that the needs of the displaced population will not be met. The most dangerous thing is that no one will attempt to address their grievances. As a matter of fact, such element of institutionalization web as delivery of programs and projects or staff development are non-existent in this case. This is why it is very difficult to apply this model for this particular situation. Discussion The examination of the Ilisu dam case has enabled us to identify those strings which must be pulled in order to prevent the construction of the Ilisu Dam or at least to help those people who will be deprived of their property as a result of this project. First of all, this country intends to enter the European Union, and the government has to make sure that Turkish laws and governmental agencies meet the standards, established by the European commission (ÇarkoÄŸlu Rubin, 2003). Thu s, the Ilisu project can be a great barrier on Turkey’s integration into the European Community. Another reason why Turkish State Hydraulic Works may be forced to abandon the construction is active participation of human rights agencies, which must show that the Ilisu dam threatens the well-being of a large Kurdish community. In fact, political underrepresentation of Kurds is the key obstacle on Turkey’s way to the EU. Finally, Turkish government has to take into consideration its relations with other countries such as Syria and Iraq. The construction of the Ilisu dam can sever Turkish partnerships with these states. These are the forces that may help the displaced population to receive adequate compensation for their losses. Conclusion Having discussed the Ilisu dam case, we have seen how the web of institutionalization can be used as an assessment and diagnostic tool in relation to project implementation. Thus, it can be successfully applied to different community-le d development project to anticipate and avoid violation of people’s interest. On the whole, web of institutionalization is a very effective tool for evaluating social practices and assessing the behavior of governmental institutions. The findings, collected in this way may help to protect the interests of certain populations. Nonetheless, one has to bear in mind that it was initially designed for the institutionalization of gender (Levy, 1998). Caren Levy tried to develop a strategy for empowering women in society. In itself, this web is not supposed to resolve conflict situations. Appendix Picture 1 (Levi, 1998, p 256) Reference List Anonymous author. (2010). â€Å"A special report on Turkey: anchor weigh†. The Economist. Arat. Z. 2007. Human rights in Turkey. University of Pennsylvania Press. Atakuman. C. 2010. Value of Heritage in Turkey: History and Politics of Turkey’s World Heritage. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology. 23.1 (2010) 107-131. ÇarkoÄŸ lu. A. Rubin. B. 2003. Turkey and the European Union: domestic politics, economic integration, and international dynamics. London. Routledge. Eberlein C. 2007. Evaluation of the Terms of Reference on Resettlement and their implementation for the Ilisu Dam Project in Turkey. Export Credit Agency. ECA Watch (n.d) â€Å"Stop Ilisu†. Export Credit Agency. Johnson C. , Canellakis K. Paquet B. et al. 2010. The Iluse Dam: Negotiating the Future of Hasankeyf and the Tigris River Valley in Southeastern Anatolia. University College London. Levy C. 1998 Institutionalization of Gender through Participatory Practice. In Gujt I. Shah. M. ed. The myth of community: gender issues in participatory development. NY: Intermediate Technology Publications. Kurdish Human Rights Project. 1999. The Ilisu Dam: a human rights disaster in the making : a report on the implications of the Ilisu Hydro-Electric Power Project, Batman Province, Southeast Turkey following a fact-finding mission to the regio n. Kurdish Human Rights Project. Oktem K. 2002 When Dams are Built on Shaky Grounds. Erdkunde. pp 310-315 Roy. O. 2005. Turkey today: a European country? NY: Anthem Press. Smith. H. 2006. â€Å"Bathed In controversy† Guardian. Shaffer. E. 2004. Institutionalization of usability: a step-by-step guide. Addison-Wesley. Yildiz. K. 2005. The Kurds in Turkey: EU accession and human rights. Pluto Press in association with Kurdish Human Rights Project. Wegerish K. Warner J. 2010 Politics of Water: A Survey. London: Taylor Francis. Footnotes 1 To see the web of institutionalization refer to the Appendixes Picture 1. This essay on Web of Institutionalization was written and submitted by user Analia Benton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Sweet Hereafter Essays

The Sweet Hereafter Essays The Sweet Hereafter Essay The Sweet Hereafter Essay The Sweet Hereafter – Essay Outline Losing a loved one is hard for any and every one, and coping with the loss is a big mission. In the Sweet Hereafter- a novel by Russell Banks- after a terrible bus crash occurs, resulting in the death of 14 children, many of the town’s people isolate themselves due to their loss and grief. Through the many different narrators, the author of this book shows how grief affects different people in different ways. One of the people affected by this tragic accident, Billy Ansel (also one of the narrators), copes with the loss by becoming an alcoholic.He doesn’t take anyone’s sympathy and stays in his home. Tragedy is inevitable; it affects all human beings at one point or another. Russell Banks illustrates this universal truth brilliantly in The Sweet Hereafter. Bank’s characters, Billy Ansel, Nicole Burnell and Dolores Driscoll all face tragedy, and all gain insight into themselves. However, not all characters react to tragedy consistently. To some this is beneficial, although to others this is the greatest tragedy of all.Billy Ansel deals with tragedy consistently throughout the entirety of the novel. However, his consistent coping methods leave him hopeless and alone. Ansel experiences death and terror at the age of nineteen while fighting in Vietnam. He believes that because terrible things had happened to him while at war, it was impossible for terrible things to happen to him now. Unfortunately, Billy is quite mistaken, as he loses his wife, Lydia to cancer, and then eventually his children to a tragic bus accident.

How To Create Content That Converts (With Happiness)

How To Create Content That Converts (With Happiness) Do people spend more money if they are happy or if they are sad? There is a tendency to avoid negativity in headlines and copy, although there are times when negative headlines are actually more powerful. Generally, though, the more common approach is to avoid negativity when creating our content. But should we? Are we doing the right thing by keeping our copy positive? How To Create Content That Converts By Writing Your Reader Happy #contentmarketing viaNot every reader is motivated to act by the same thing all of the time. Exclusivity, the offer itself, the color of the button, the quality of the persuasive argument- they all matter at some point, too. But how we make the reader feel does have an impact on whether they will buy, but it might not be in the way you think. How Mood Affects Buying Behavior Let's go back and revisit that opening question: Do people spend money (or, in your case, convert) if they are happy or if they are sad? As individuals, we often go shopping when we are down. Sad shoppers tend to spend more, and people who are in a  grumpy mood actually feel better after shopping (at least until the bills arrive), and a foul or depressed mood often leads to more impulse buying. Sad shoppers spend more. Here's how happy content sells. #contentmarketingOn the other hand, after a national tragedy, do you feel like shopping? Do you like seeing tweets that talk about being a consumer during such a time? Our mood, as an individual, makes us want to buy to alleviate sad feelings. But when we are a part of a sad group as a whole, buying is the last thing we want to do. It feels wrong. But hold on- that's not all. Consumer confidence is something we measure that shows when consumers are confident (and upbeat), the economy of the nation will increase. Consumer confidence is correlated with retail sales, which is different from cause and effect but effectively shows how our mood has a connection to our impulse to buy. Consumer confidence is that special mix where a person feels pretty good about the state of the economy and their own personal financial state. So, you could summarize it as follows: A sad  individual might use retail therapy to improve the mood in the moment. A grumpy individual  makes impulse purchases to break out of a rut. A sad group does not want to make purchases at all. Confidence inspires people to buy. Why does shopping seem to attract people who aren't at the top of their emotions? Distractions and the suggestion of hope, probably. That's what buying often does, when it is for something that isn't a need. While you can't control the mood of your reader, remember that an alleviation of worries and sadness is the attraction, here, and that if your copy can tap into that, you'll get your reader to convert. Your #content should alleviate worries and sadness. That's how  to get readers to convert.How To Create A Positive Mood In Your Writing When you visit a store and approach a salesclerk for help as you make your buying decision, does their attitude have an effect on you? For me, if they are negative, down, grumpy- I'm less likely to complete the current sale or, even if I do, I probably won't come back. When you create content with a conversion (i.e. sale) in mind, your content is the salesclerk. How do you make sure your salesclerk is happy? 1. Highlight the desirable behavior. Blogger Bushra Azhar wrote, on the Copyhackers blog, that highlighting desirable behavior leads to positive action. She found that, particularly in the use of social proof in your copy, that framing that proof in a negative way inspired the wrong reaction. A study done by two National Parks found that copy that highlighted the negative caused the very behavior they had hoped to stop. Azhar went on to discover other similar examples, pointing out that careless negative copy could even cause the bystander effect in your reader, that curious situation where we don't help victims if others are around us. Too much negative copy can also make people feel that the situation is hopeless. Write copy that states the behavior you want. "Please click the blue button" is, however uninspired, better copy than "9 out of 10 people won't click the blue button." When your readers see that, they probably think "heck, if 90 percent of people won't click, I'm not going to. All of those people can't be wrong." And that's social proof, swinging around and biting you in the behind. This is a tricky to do, if you are trying to create exclusivity. But create your exclusivity in a way that doesn't get social proof going against you. "9 out of 10 people miss out on this opportunity. But you don't have to." 2. Tell readers what can be, not what should be. You've experienced it. When you read a blog post full of "don'ts" and "shoulds", you likely feel, after a while, that there's no point bothering. Language that suggests, even if unintentionally, that we are hopeless does not make a reader super giddy to latch onto your product. The "shoulds", especially, are wearing after a while. Think about the internal conversations you have in your head. "I shouldn't have eaten that." "I should pay that bill." "I should exercise more." "I should be a harder worker." It goes on and on and after a while, you feel mostly like a failure and quite anxious that you're never going to catch up and do all the things you should do. You most certainly don't need a blog post filled with a pile of "shoulds" to add to the load. Yet, your copy is doing that, isn't it? It's telling readers what they should do. Again, this is all about the language you use. How can you tell someone what they should do without reminding them of the "shoulds" already running through their head? Find another word. It's that easy. If you write a sentence with the word "should" in it, find another way to write it. Find another word. Use the implied "you." Cut the word "should" out totally by relying on the implied you. Look at #3 below. Instead of "you should tap into consumer confidence", I simply wrote "tap into consumer confidence." Such a subtle thing, but it helps. Balance what is and what should be. I hate to write a post that is all about what the reader should do. I try to find a mix, whether that means starting with some research and proof to prime the pump, or an introduction of another nature. Can you provide the reader with the confidence that they have what it takes to balance out that they are missing something? You should. (heh.) 3. Tap into that consumer confidence. If confidence inspires a nation to buy, personal confidence can prompt your reader to do the same. Are you creating confident readers? Here's a quick checklist to see if you are: Copy full of caveats. Is your copy full of caveats, those words and phrases that let you back out of a stance if you lose face? Do you find yourself using "I think" or "Maybe" or "Possibly" or "I believe" or any other word that allows you to say something bold while also leaving weak wiggle room? Have you ever used the defense, when called on something you said, that "I just said it's what I believe, not that it's always true"? Because that isn't copy that inspires confidence. After prolonged exposure to these filler words, the reader sees you as almost apologetic about your ideas. Write in confidence, and remember to cut out these words when editing. Skip the preface and state your idea boldly. You walk your talk. You may be writing lots of helpful content on how to be a better this and an awesome that, but do you live those words yourself? A reader might not know if you don't, but it does show in both your blog copy as well as in the ensuing comments section. There's nothing worse than reading a great post about how to organize your life and then asking the author if it has worked, only to hear "I don't actually know...I don't use this method." Find testimonials and experts. While  testimonials aren't  appropriate for all copy, you should use them  to show that what you are talking about is true. Or, find research or experts that can support your findings so that the reader feels confidence not only from the outside expert, but from a wee bit of social proof ("it's not just the author that says this- others do, too!"). Just as a newspaper reporter must find people to quote to show that the report is not fabricated, you should do the same in your copy. Show with video. I'm a sucker for infomercials, because when they show how the amazing product works right there on the screen, I'm completely convinced. Depending upon what you're writing about, use video and photographs to show that yes, this is really the truth. Confident readers are trusting readers, and trusting readers convert. Confident readers are trusting readers, and trusting readers convert. #contentmarketing4. Write with high energy. High energy (without slipping into freakish psycho making people back away slowly) makes the sale. The lack of high energy kills great copy. What do you think is the biggest killer of copy energy?  My vote goes for passive voice. Sometimes, passive voice happens. It is acceptable when the person/thing acted on needs attention, or when the actor does not. Or, maybe you know the action and need to convey it in your copy, but don't know who did it. You can't find the facts. And so, you resort to "the bottle was filled" because you don't want to say "Jane filled the bottle" if you don't know if she did or not. Passive voice exists for a reason. But continuous use of passive voice leads to a kind of dry and almost academic copy. That is not high energy. Consider the following paragraph, and how it makes you feel when you read it. The solution is made clear. These tips are given to you by me. The copy should be carefully considered by you. This post is hopefully enjoyed by our readers. No action. No energy. The solution is clear. I gave you these tips. You should consider this copy carefully. Our readers enjoy this post. Much better. How else do you write with high energy? Use action words instead of adjectives. Inject cacophony into your copy. Vary sentence and paragraph length. Read your post out loud before publishing to see how it sounds and feels, if it seems to slow in parts or if it moves along at a crisp, clear pace. Those slow parts will need editing. How Will You Write Content That Converts? People spend money when they need a distraction or a pick-me-up. They also spend money when they are confident that they have it to spend and that they won't find themselves in trouble for doing it. Let your copy inspire confidence and hope so that your readers are inspired to buy no matter what range their mood is in.

The connectionist model theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The connectionist model theory - Essay Example In Experiment 2, the prime–target pairs had different main verbs. Facilitated target sentence processing was observed in both Experiments 1 and 2 when the target sentences were preceded by a prime sentence with the same syntactic structure. These results provide the first evidence of lexically independent, between-sentence structural priming in online sentence comprehension. Abstract: Strong evidence suggests that prior syntactic context affects language production (e.g., J. K. Bock, 1986). The authors report 4 experiments that used an expression–picture matching task to investigate whether it also affects ambiguity resolution in comprehension. All experiments examined the interpretation of prepositional phrases that were ambiguous between high and low attachment. After reading a prime expression with a high-attached interpretation, participants tended to interpret an ambiguous prepositional phrase in a target expression as highly attached if it contained the same verb as the prime (Experiment 1), but not if it contained a different verb (Experiment 2). They also tended to adopt the high-attached interpretation after producing a prime with the high-attached interpretation that included the same verb (Experiment 3). Finally, they were faster to adopt a high-attached interpretation after reading an expression containing the same verb that was disambiguated to the high-attached versus the low-attached interpretation (Experiment 4). Attachment during Comprehension.† Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition. 2005. Vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 468-481. 16 February 2011

LUCID DREAMING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

LUCID DREAMING - Essay Example Our focus will be on how these lucid dreams occur along with the research analysis of Lewis; Lewis has discovered that while our body rests the brain starts to revise the tasks performed during the day, the second part of the discovery shows how it focuses more on the traumatic events and modifies them and finally she reveals how the mind forces a connection between distant concepts (Lewis, 2013). We would merge the symptoms of occurrence of lucid dreams with the Lewis discoveries in our examples below; and would conclude how these commercial and public messages emerge known dreams. Women of today age are easily distracted by the beauty product advertisements and often have lucid dreams; I would discuss about L’oreal total repair 5 shampoo ad; the ad states that the shampoo can repair five issues and would give the hair restored fiber, stronger grip, vitality, silky and shiny touch. Women especially young girls with hair problems start to consciously dream about such hairs as shown during the ads; they would take bad hairs as a weak area would modify it with thinking of them as healthy hair and would relate the two concepts. They would start to dream that they have long and shining hairs that could be easily taken out of a pony and would attract so many people around them. This is how the ad plays with that section of the body that the mind wants to change or has been changing constantly (Shen, 2010). Bharia Town is considered as one of the pioneers in development and construction work; it has made its advertisements in a manner that would make the buyer believe that they are just a drive away from their dream town and dream place; in the article under discussion about Sector D of Lahore; it is shown that the plots are ready to for possessions; Bharia would provide them with easy installment plans and the sector is develop with all the facilities such as commercial area and entertainment areas

Global Alcoholic Drinks Market 2014-2018 Essay Example for Free

Global Alcoholic Drinks Market 2014-2018 Essay The Global Alcoholic Drinks market comprises three segments: Beer, Spirits, and Wine. The Beer segment led the market in 2013 with 53. 24 percent and 75. 34 percent share, in terms of revenue and volume, respectively. Increase in demand among the millennial population in the US, growing demand for premium alcoholic beverages, and increased marketing and promotions by vendors are some of the factors that have driven the consumption and sales of alcoholic drinks. The Global Alcoholic Drinks market is witnessing a steady growth both in terms of revenue and volume. However, the mature nature of the Beer market is expected to have a negative impact on the growth of the market at large. Covered in this Report This report covers the present scenario and growth prospects of the Global Alcoholic Drinks market for the period 2014-2018. To calculate the market size, the report considers revenue generated from the retail sales of various alcoholic beverages. It also includes the market size based on volume, which is calculated based on the consumption of alcoholic drinks by consumers in the world. VIEW OUR FULL TOC HERE Key Regions †¢EMEA †¢APAC †¢Americas Key Vendors †¢Bacardi and Co. Ltd. †¢Beam Global Spirits Wine †¢Diageo plc †¢Pernod Ricard †¢SABMiller plc Other Prominent Vendors †¢Anheuser-Busch InBev †¢Asahi Breweries †¢Brown-Forman †¢Carlsberg Breweries †¢Central European Distribution †¢Constellation Spirits †¢Distell Group †¢Grupo Modelo. †¢Gruppo Campari †¢Heineken †¢Illva Saronno †¢John Distilleries †¢Jose Cuervo †¢Molson Coors †¢Patron Spirits †¢Shiva Distilleries †¢Suntory †¢The Wine Group †¢Tilak Nagar Industries †¢United Spirits †¢VS Group †¢William Grant Sons Key Market Driver †¢Growing Demand for Premium Alcoholic Beverages †¢For a full, detailed list, view our report. Key Market Challenge †¢Increased Competition from Non-alcoholic Beverages †¢For a full, detailed list, view our report. Key Market Trend †¢Demand for Low Alcohol Content. †¢For a full, detailed list, view our report. Key Questions Answered in this Report †¢What will the market size be in 2018 and what will the growth rate be? †¢What are the key market trends? †¢What is driving this market? †¢What are the challenges to market growth? †¢Who are the key vendors in this market space? †¢What are the market opportunities and threats faced by the key vendors? †¢What are the strengths and weaknesses of the key vendors? For more insights, view our Global Alcoholic Drinks Market 2014-2018 report.

Rhythmic Foundations, and the Necessary Aesthetic in Peirce’s Categories :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Rhythmic Foundations, and the Necessary Aesthetic in Peirce’s Categories ABSTRACT: There has been a tendency in scholarship to steer quite clear of discussions of Peirce and Aesthetics, and I believe that the main reason that Peirce’s works lacks, perhaps even intentionally, a clear aesthetic theory is because his entire architectonic of experience is aesthetically founded. This thesis is based, in part, on the necessary aesthetic descriptions one is forced to use when describing something such as the categories. For example, Secondness necessarily elicits aesthetic descriptions of relations and tensions, Thirdness is described most accurately with words such as harmony and arrangement, and the process by which we come to attain a belief is an "aesthetic" endeavor aimed at satisfaction. Focusing particularly on the categories, and secondarily on the method for attaining belief, I hope to show that Peirce’s foundation is, itself, an aesthetic awareness of life. There has been a tendency to steer quite clear of discussions of Peirce and Aesthetics. Over and over, statements by Peircean scholars attest to the lack of philosophical guidance regarding the status and judgment of art that is available in his writings.(1) Peirce himself states that, "My notion would be that there are innumerable varieties of esthetic quality, but no purely esthetic grade of excellence."(2) Doug Anderson also states that a Peircean aesthetic is hard to piece together because it was a "very late addition to Peirce’s classification of the sciences." That is, even though aesthetics is presupposed by ethics, logic, and metaphysics, in Peirce’s prioritization of the sciences, his intention was that aesthetics was to be understood through the work he had already done in the other branches of his system.(3) This vagueness hasn’t, however, prevented scholars from speculating on the aesthetic in Peirce’s works. Yet even so, we are still faced with many problems. First is the "paleontological reconstruction", as Herman Parret states, of the various minuscule references by Peirce regarding the aesthetic. Second, it is claimed that if any approach to a Peircean aesthetic is going to be worthwhile, it will probably be too large to handle because it must incorporate his views on logic, metaphysics and theology.(4) Third, as pointed out by Beverly Kent, Peirce seems to conflate two senses of the aesthetic, where it is both a quality that is immediately present and an ultimate ideal.(5) I will argue that the main reason that Peirce’s works lacks, perhaps even intentionally, a clear aesthetic theory is because his depiction of experience is aesthetically founded.

Osi Analogy Paper

OSI Model Analogy Trevor Crews Strayer University The OSI model is the model developed for computer-to-computer communications over a network. This model breaks down all the functions that occur into seven distinct layers. These layers are, application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and the physical layer. Each one encompasses a specific part of the process that occurs during the communication. In order to simplify this think of it like sending a package through the post office.It can be broken down into seven stages or layers for this example. We start with bringing an item or letter to the post office that is to be sent to a determined destination. This is essentially what happens in the application layer. This is the interface between the communication and the entire process as it is in how a computer works. Next the item is packaged and put into a box or envelope. This is similar to how the presentation layer functions. In this layer the communication is f ormatted, encrypted, and compressed; basically prepared for sending.Our package is then tagged with tracking information and tagging information that allows us to track it and verify if there are any other packages and if needed what order they go in. This is similar to the session layer. Next our package is put into a sorting device of some kind that sorts things based on size to see if it is able to be sent with other shipments or broken down to be sent different ways if it is to large. This is similar to the transport layer of the OSI model. The similarities go on over the next few layers as well.After packages are sorted they couriers inspect the packages and are given the specific routes they are to take in order to deliver the correct packages to the correct recipients. This represents the network layer in that the connections are established between the computers and the routing is also established. Next the packages are loaded onto the means of their transportation. This can include both truck and plane or whatever other method is needed to ensure delivery. This is how the data link layer works. The information is packaged generally in frames and sent via the proper transmission method via the designated route.The first of this process ends with the drivers getting into to their vehicles and driving towards the destinations with the packages. This is the physical layer in which the transmission takes place. After all this takes place it goes back through the same layers in the reverse order to ensure that everything that has happened was in the correct order and method. For example a package arrives at its destination, it’s then unloaded, inspected to make sure its intact and not damaged, signed for to verify the correct address and recipient, unpacked, and finally read.While the process as a whole can be overwhelmingly complex if it is broken down into layers as the OSI model does it can be viewed a little more simplistically and compared to mo dern day processes. Such as the post office as I have described. There are also many other similarities that if one looked they could make connections to. Works Cited Dean, T. (2010). CIS 175: Network + Guide to Networks: 2010 Custom Edition (5th Edition). Boston: Cengage Learning.

Should Katniss Pick Peeta or Gale?

Should Katniss Pick Peeta or Gale? In the Hunger Games trilogy written by Suzanne Collins, Katniss Everdeen participates in the Hunger Games, along with Peeta Mellark. The Hunger Games is something the Capitol hosts as a revenge every year, because District 13 rebelled against them. In the Hunger Games, there are two children that are selected from each district, who are forced to fight to the death in the Hunger Games. Since Katniss and Peeta are in the Hunger Games with each other, they’ve gotten closer and they got to know each other better. The thing is, Peeta is madly in love with Katniss; but she isn’t.Instead, Katniss has some feelings for her close friend, Gale Hawthorne, who also has feelings for Katniss. So Katniss is stuck in a love triangle, with Gale and Peeta. Peeta is a better choice for Katniss, because they have a special connection with each other, Peeta can be a good boyfriend or husband, and it’s just a better choice. Katniss should pick Peeta . Katniss should pick Peeta because they have a special connection/relationship. Because they were both tributes from District 12, it would be hard to NOT be close with each other, since they only have each other. Peeta will always have Katniss’ back, and cares for her all the time.For example, in the training centre located in the Capitol, when Katniss recognized the Avox girl, Peeta jumped in to say that she must’ve mistaken the Avox girl for some girl in their District so Katniss wouldn’t get in trouble. Since they want many sponsors when they’re in the arena, they were â€Å"friends† in front of everyone, instead of enemies. Although Katniss’ friendship with Peeta wasn’t that real, because he was a bit annoying to her at the time, she did feel like as if they were real friends. She felt like they were real friends, because of what Peeta did in the past, to save her family, and to start this special connection.When Katniss’ father died, her family had trouble finding food, and she went by Peeta’s bakery. Peeta noticed that she was starving, so he purposely burnt a loaf of bread, so he can give it to her. He ended up facing some harsh consequences from his mother afterwards. When Katniss took the bread, the first thing she noticed were some dandelions which resembled hope to her. Peeta lead her to finding hope and to not give up. Therefore, Peeta kind of represents hope to Katniss. Since Peeta gave her the bread, she feels like as if she owes something to him now.Also, in the arena, there was this one time where Peeta told Katniss to run when the career tributes were after her. When there was an announcement that there can be two victors from the same district, Katniss automatically called out Peeta’s name, so she must’ve had some feelings for him then. They are known as the star-crossed lovers, so it would all make sense. She found Peeta camouflaged into a muddy bank, and she clean ed him up, and brought him into a cave to help him heal from the cut Cato gave him on his leg. Katniss and Peeta then kissed, so Katniss must’ve developed some feelings for him when the Hunger Games started.Like in the training center, Katniss is faking her interest in Peeta so they can get gifts from sponsors to help heal Peeta. That wouldn’t make too much sense, because Katniss doesn’t love Peeta she has some feelings for him, but she’s faking this love, to help Peeta survive. Then again, if Peeta survives, they can both win the Hunger Games. When Katniss got cut in the face by Clove, Peeta took care of her, which made her real feelings grow for him. To get food, she kisses him, but she feels something she never felt before. It’s love!An important thing was that even when Peeta found out that Katniss’ love for him wasn’t true, and it was all an act for the Capitol, he was upset, but he didn’t blow up or anything, and understo od why Katniss did it. Gale was extremely angry when he knew that Katniss and Peeta were getting really close, and he should’ve listened to Katniss and be more understanding, instead of blowing up. Also, in one hand, Peeta has known Katniss ever since she was 5 years old, when she sang the valley song, and in the other hand, Gale has known Katniss when she was 12 years old, when she was hunting in the woods, and Gale accused her to stealing his snares.Therefore, Peeta knows her longer than Gale does. Also, Peeta acts like himself around Katniss, and still does, even if she finds it weird. He’s also very understanding and pleasing to Katniss. Gale, he can be a little pushy with Katniss. For example, when Gale asked Katniss about having kids, she felt a bit uncomfortable and awkward talking about that, but he kept pushing her, and asking â€Å"Why? †. Katniss should pick Peeta because he would be a good boyfriend or husband. Peeta is head over heels in love with K atniss, so obviously he knows how to treat Katniss like a princess, to make her feel special.Since Peeta is the baker’s son in District 12, he’s strong, because he carries around bags of flour, so he can help Katniss around. Also, he can make bread, decorate cakes, or paint pictures (his talent discovered in the Capitol) as a living, where Gale, only knows how to hunt illegally, which isn’t very effective. Now that Gale works in the coal mines, there’s a chance that he can die, so it wouldn’t so good if Katniss loses Gale if she picks him. Peeta was with Katniss throughout most of the Hunger Games, so he would understand her more, and he was with her during darkest times, so she would feel safe whenever she’s with him.Peeta is a very smart and wise man, because he camouflaged in the Hunger Games to not get hurt even more, when he’s already badly injured. He’s also wise, because when him and Katniss were sitting on the roof, he said how he didn’t just want to be a piece in the Capitol’s game (The Hunger Games), and wanted to die as himself, not as a monster. This made Katniss think about what he said, and that would help if she needed any advice in the future. He respects everyone’s opinion, and cares about others around him.For example, when Katniss talked to Peeta about running away with her family, Gale’s family, Haymitch, and himself, Peeta wasn’t so negative about knowing that Gale was running away with them. Unlike Peeta, Gale wasn’t too happy about finding out that Peeta was running away with them. Katniss should pick Peeta, because it’s just a better choice. If Katniss picks Peeta, it would work out for everyone, because obviously, Peeta would be happy. The Capitol would be happy. Panam would be happy. President Snow would be happy. If Katniss picks Gale, it would cause more drama.Even being close with Gale is causing drama. For example, Peeta would feel betrayed, because of all this love Katniss has given him, and how she leaves him hanging. The Capitol would be furious, because her act with the berries would all be a lie, because it was accused of being so madly in love with Peeta, that she threatened to eat the berries so none of them can be depressed without each other. If she picks Gale, The Capitol would think that Katniss never loved Peeta, and she did this on purpose, to get away with rebelling against the Capitol, and would still survive.Also, Peeta and Katniss are the same age, so they would suit each other better. Gale, is way older than Katniss, so it wouldn’t be so right, because he would be more mature than her, which can cause misunderstanding between each other, because they think differently at different ages. Peeta and Katniss’ relationship is like a lovers relationship, but Gale and Katniss’ relationship, is like a brother sister relationship. Since Gale likes Katniss, she’s afraid to admit to herself that she also likes Peeta, because of Gale.Gale means so much to Katniss (they’re best friends) that Katniss doesn’t want to disappoint Gale by loving Peeta, because she has some feelings for Gale too. Katniss should pick Peeta in the end. She should pick him because they have a special connection with each other, Peeta can be a good boyfriend or husband, and it’s just a better choice. Peeta is kind of like water, because he’s always calm, and he’s so generous. Gale is like fire, because he is nothing but trouble to Katniss, when it comes to the Capitol.Since Katniss is fierce, and independent, she’d also be fire. So Peeta can cool Katniss off, because he’s water, and fire and water would balance (Katniss and Peeta). Gale, wouldn’t be a good choice, because he just makes things worse. Gale is fire, so he just adds onto Katniss’ fire, so fire and more fire, just makes a bigger fire (Gale and Katniss). Since Katniss already has some feelings for Peeta, she should pick him, so everything will be easy, and drama-free. Peeta is a better choice for Katniss.

buy custom Morgan Heritage Family Financial Plan essay

buy custom Morgan Heritage Family Financial Plan essay Families need a committed financial planning for objective and control of home affairs. The financial plan ranges from the small to large depending on the size and general requirements of the family. Importantly, it is prudent to involve professionalism at the time of drafting the plan. Key elements in any family financial plan involve; differentiating want from need, set time for a through home work and maintaining the purchase. The strategies that are involved in differentiating a want from need, perhaps is the most daunting task of most families. Simply, a want is what is most important to you while a need is what you cannot do without. A good financial plan should be systematic and divide into categories from the essential to the least. More Importantly, Family financial plan is meant to secure your future together with that of your family. Overall, it is a common feature across all households to find financial problems, such problems are being behind on debt and credit accumulat ing and being coerced for a second mortgage, are common features in most households. All these problems can be solved through systematic financial management. Morgan Heritage Family Background Morgan Heritage is a family of four, consisting of the Father, Morgan, Mother-Natasha and two daughters, Megan and Laura. Morgan, the father is a consulting physician in New York while Natasha is an accountant with City Bank. They are both 40 years of age while daughter Megan is 18 years old and a sophomore at New York State University. Laura is pursuing her last year in a private high school and is 17 years old. A general overview is that, the family is well endowed with secure occupations; however the needs of the family are overwhelming. For instance, Mr. Morgan takes a monthly salary of $10,000 while his wife is entitled to a monthly salary of $12,000. Megans University tuition demand that she pays a yearly fee of $30,000 while Laura $15,000. Apart from that, the family also has other expenses that they need to cover, such as food, mortgage, insurance, gas and medical. In order to balance these expenses, it is vital that an accurate financial statement is drawn, reflecting on eac h entity within their domestic surrounding. The Morgan`s have devised a system whereby each member of the family has set goals that are categorized into three. The following is a breakdown of Morgan Heritage family goals. Morgan (Father) Short term goals To buy a SUV - Intermediate goals- To pay fees for his daughters - Long term goals - To Start private consultancy firm Natasha (Mother) Short Term Goals- family food - Intermediate goals Liberty and Lauras college upkeep - Long Term Goals - Invest in the stock market Megan (Daughter) Short Term goals finishes College - Intermediate goals dream holiday - Long term goals Secure a rewarding job Laura (Daughter) Short term Goals To finish high school - Intermediate goals Join University - Long term goals Pursue higher education Financial Information Collection Balance Sheet It shows the financial status of the family at a given point in time. The balance sheet contains the assets and the liabilities of the family. In other words, it shows the net worth of the family. In case above, the family has no tangible assets. The family relies on the income of the parents and therefore drawing a balance sheet would not be easy. In other words, the family has monetary assets. This is the major reason why the Morgan family has financial problems. If the family could invest in assets, they would short term assets as well as long term assets. Some of the investment opportunities that earn the family assets include mutual funds. In order to boost its assets column, Morgan family can consider investing in Bonds and Real estate. This will guarantee the family additional source of income which will help offset the family needs that are currently overwhelming. Income statement Income statement shows the sources of money for family such as salary and also how the money will be spent. Income statement relates income with expenses. It shows whether the family is living beyond its means or whether it is living with at par with the income. In the above case, the income totals to $22000 per month. Expenses include, gas, school fees for the two daughters (Megan = $2500 per month and Laura =$1250 per month) Creating a budget Work Sheet The following is a template Category Monthly Budget Amount Monthly Actual Amount Difference INCOME: Wages and Bonuses Interest Income Investment Income Miscellaneous Income Income Subtotal TAXES: Federal Income Tax State and Local Income Tax Social Security/Medicare Tax Income Taxes Subtotal Spendable Income EXPENSES: Mortgage Homeowners/Renters Insurance Property Taxes Home Repairs/Maintenance/HOA Dues Home Improvements FOOD: Groceries Eating Out, Lunches, Snacks UTILITIES: Electricity Water and Sewer Natural Gas or Oil Telephone (Land Line, Cell) FAMILY OBLIGATION Child Support HEALTH AND MEDICAL: Insurance (medical ,Teeth, eye) Unrefunded Medical Expenses, The above work sheet can enable the Morgans Family to have a proper for their finances. Financial Analysis and Advice A professional glimpse into the financial goals of Morgans reveals that, they are short of the expected financial achievement of the overall goals they have set. Relevant and realistic financial measures have to be undertaken in order for them to achieve individual as well as family goals. A more resourceful means of the Morgans to achieve their goals is to get rid of non essential allocations. Given that their total combined income is $22,000, and their estimated expense is $30,000, they are way out of their income bracket. Several financial mechanisms will assist the Morgans get out of this financial doldrums. Creating an expense scheme The first step towards creating an expense plan is creating a budget that is concomitant to the total income of the household. Importantly, have a joint meeting and agree on unnecessary expenses that you can do away with. The second strategy is to use expense reduction strategies and savings friendly methodologies. The fundamentals behind this are to match the family income with the total financial expectations. Also important is for the Morgans to reflect on their earlier budget expenses and make alterations that rhyme with set goals. Further, it is vital that the Morgans set goals that are financially viable using the following key statements. Goals should either aim for, debt reduction, savings and expenses. Also importantly, develop a brand new budget and follow it to the letter. The best known method of following your families spending is to note in detail the exactness of what they spend. This will enable you have a precise plan of item by item and how much it cost. If the budg et becomes too small and restrictive, always be in a position to make adjustments, however, small they make a difference. This a much better way than abandoning your financial plans altogether. It is possible to avoid a domestic financial crisis by drawing up a budget that is realistic and to the point of your expenses and income. Conclusion A possible and realistic method for Morgans is to set up a savings goals scheme. Savings are a positive way in which many families have emerged out of the financial crisis. This works in many circumstances including where families are in abundance of debts. For instance, saving $10 every day will have an accumulative effect to $300 in a month. This can be done through having part of your salary secured in a fixed deposit account. In this way, two things will happen, first you will always have money, and second you will not be able to access it easily. This also ensures that savings are divided into pools. With each pool, there will be a specific purpose and goal. Another important milestone for the Morgans is to always set realistic goals, goals that are achievable. The best way is make short term goals whose feedbacks are foreseeable and viable. Long term goals are unpredictable and are subject to many elements which could interfere with them. All said and done, financial planning r anks high in the success of our homes. It facilitates a quicker way of solving domestic problems and a proof that indeed the finances were not used haphazardly. Buy custom Morgan Heritage Family Financial Plan essay

Of Mice and Men Questions for Discussion

Of Mice and Men Questions for Discussion Of Mice and Men is a famous and controversial novel by John Steinbeck. There have been many cases in which the novel was asked to be removed, sometimes successfully, from school curriculums due to profane language and dark themes such as murder, mental illness, and euthanasia. Given its controversial nature, there are many opinions and interpretations of Of Mice and Men, which makes it a fun novel to discuss and debate. Here are some questions that will get the conversation rolling. Starting From the Top: Where did Steinbeck get the title from? What is he referencing?   Themes and Symbols: What is the central purpose of the story?What are other themes in the story? How do they relate to the plot and characters?  Can you think of any symbols that represent one of the themes you just discussed?  How does the setting add to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else?What types of conflict occur in Of Mice and Men? Are the conflicts  physical, intellectual, or emotional? Lets Talk About The Characters: Are George and Lenny consistent in their actions? Are they fully developed characters?  From the women in the velvet dress to Curleys wife, female characters have played a large part in changing Lennie and Georges life. What is the role of women in the text? And why does Steinbeck not give them names?How does John Steinbeck reveal character in  Of Mice and Men? What Are Your Opinions? Would you recommend this novel to a friend?  Do you think the book should be censored or banned?  Do you find the characters likable?  Does the story end the way you expected? How? Why?

The Lewis Spacecraft Mission Failure Investigation Board Report Term Paper

The Lewis Spacecraft Mission Failure Investigation Board Report - Term Paper Example After launch and successful insertion into orbit, the spacecraft lost contact with the ground station and later became a total loss. An Investigation Board inquired into the loss and determined that a problem with the Attitude Control System led to the loss (NRC & NASA 54). They also identified several factors that may have contributed to the catastrophic loss in the management and engineering rigor applied in the project. This paper relates to the shortcoming and the lesson that a systems engineer in charge of a similar project can learn from it. The Lewis Spacecraft Mission Failure Investigation Board (LSMFIB) identified two direct factors, and several indirect factors contributing to the mission failure. The first direct factor identified was flawed design and simulation of the Attitude Control System (ACS). The design of the ACS was such that in safe mode, the spacecraft would be in a â€Å"power positive orientation† (LSMFIB 9). However, an imbalance in the thrusters caus ed the spacecraft to face away from the sun in such a way that the sun’s rays hit the edges of the solar panels powering the spacecraft. This led to draining of the batteries at a quick rate because of the â€Å"power subsystem and thermal subsystem Safe Mode design† (LSMFIB 9). ... The first reason was that there was pressure on the spacecraft development team to cut costs hence they implemented a single shift. This made the discovery of anomalies very difficult. In fact, the actual problems occurred when no one was on duty. The second reason is that the ground crew failed to declare an emergency even after noting problems that would have justified such a declaration. These problems included the fact that the spacecraft was using the B-side processor when it reached orbit instead of the A-side processor. The second anomaly was that the â€Å"solid state recorder would not play back the data previously recorded†, which included the flight data that would have shown the anomalies that affected simulation (LSMFIB 11). The third anomaly was that the ground crew failed to get the space telemetry signal only for the spacecraft to reappear with an â€Å"uncontrolled attitude† (LSMFIB 11). The fourth anomaly was that after leaving the spacecraft in safe m ode for duration, it took on spinning with the edges of the solar panels facing the sun. Any of these anomalies warranted the declaration of an emergency, which did not happen. The indirect causes of the mishap were actions taken that did not conform to industry standards. If the development teams stuck to the standards, then it is likely that the catastrophic failure would not have occurred. These include project scope creep, cost and schedule pressure, inadequately planned relocation of some production units that affected technical review and testing, frequent changes to the personnel working on the program, and insufficient engineering and management discipline (LSMFIB 12-14). The reasons

The Rise and Fall of LTCM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Rise and Fall of LTCM - Essay Example On the other hand, there are differences between hedge and mutual funds, whereby the hedge funds are managed more aggressively compared to the mutual funds, hence making it possible to take speculative positions in derivative securities like decisions to short sell stock. Moreover, this increases leverage and risk of the funds hence are making it possible for the funds to gain profits when the market is declining. On the other hand, mutual funds are not allowed to be involved in highly leveraged positions; hence, they are considered safer than the hedge funds. Main sources of LTCM initial success The main sources of success for LTCM were associated with a complex mathematical model that the company had established in order to benefit from fixed income arbitrage deals within the bonds of U.S.A, Japanese and European governments (Dunbar, 5). They applied the fundamental idea of the changes in the values of the long dated bonds issued a short time apart, which becomes similar. Neverthel ess, the bonds were approached at a different rate, and they were more traded bonds like the US Treasury bonds, whereby the long-term prices are approached more effectively, though they are less heavily traded and liquid. The other main of success factor was the financial transactions, which related to purchasing cheaper bonds, short selling them more expensive and liquid, hence generating profit from the difference in the value of the bonds. In fact, their capital grew, and they were willing to invest the capital somewhere; hence, they run out of outstanding bond-arbitrage bets leading to LTCM to apply strategies that were beyond their expertise (MacKenzie, 349). Nonetheless, their trading strategies were nonmarket directional, whereby they did not depend on the overall market interest rates or fluctuations of stock prices, since they had no convergence trades. Main reasons for LTCM collapse The success of the LTCM in the financial markets occurred within a short period, and this w as attributed to informational asymmetries by the fund managers, hence resulting to a downfall before the establishment of the East Asian financial crisis, in 1997. The downfall began with a reduction noted on the net returns in 1998 for the period between May that had 65% and June, 10.4%, resulting to a reduction of their capital by $461 million, in fact, when the Salomon Brothers withdrew from the arbitrage business in July 1998, the downfall was escalated. The losses were accentuated by crisis experienced in Russia during the month of August and September in 1998, when the bonds were defaulted in Russia by their government, leading to investors’ decision to sell European and Japanese bonds in order to purchase the treasury bonds in U.S.A due to their worries. Profits anticipated as the value of the bonds purchased in U.S.A resulted to losses due to convergence of bonds while their value diverged; consequently, the LTCM had incurred losses worth 1.85 billion dollars by the end of August. LTCM could no longer provide investors with annual returns of 40%; instead they were they went through a Flight–to-Liquidity, and in the beginning of September, their equity reduced from 2.3 billion dollars to 600 million dollars with no dwindling portfolio, and this resulted to a further increase in

Implementation of Performance Management System in an organization Essay

Implementation of Performance Management System in an organization - Essay Example To achieve competitiveness, two things are very important i.e. managing the efficiency plus building employees skills, abilities, capabilities and behavior. To improve performance at the organizational level it is essential to create a culture and situation of continuous learning of employees and of the organization (van der Sluis, 2007). The Human Resource Development (HRD) is an evolving concept and it addresses the challenge of managing performance of employees for the organizations. HRD is an important developmental program to ensure that the organization has an institutionalized way of developing, utilizing and committing human resources in order to meet current and future organizational challenges (van der Sluis, 2007). ... Since the work requirements are changing, the traditional methods of training are inadequate to deal with the rapid change and increased complexity of work (Casey, 2005) thus, placing demands on organizations to facilitate new approaches to training (Garavan et al., 2002). Human resources are currently the foremost source of competitive advantage because all other potential competitive advantages (e.g. technology, capital, and products) can be either bought or copied (Burke and Cooper, 2008 and Pineda, 2010). At present, organizations are facing shortage of talented and adequately equipped employees with required skills and capabilities in order to reach at the eminent level of performance (Burke and Cooper, 2008). Rao (2002) for example is in favor of an â€Å"OCTAPACE† culture (openness, collaboration, trust and trustworthiness, authenticity, pro-action, autonomy, confrontation and experimentation) to create a HRD climate in the organization for improved performance. Organiz ations with better learning, training and development systems, reward and recognition, and information systems and quality orientation in terms of career planning, performance guidance and development, role efficacy, and reward and recognition systems promoted HRD climate (Hassan et al., 2006). From the figure, it can be said that Human Resource Development encompasses two key ingredients i.e. Training and Development (T&D) and Organization Development (OD). Training and Development focuses on individuals and then links with the organization whereas Organization Development basically focuses at the organization level first and then links with individuals. Additionally, there are

I Believe In Jesus Christ Religion Essay

I Believe In Jesus Christ Religion Essay Ervin Drake, Irvin Graham, Jimmy Shirl and Al Stillman wrote this song in 1953 and Frankie Laine sang the most popular version of it. Jane Froman commissioned the song was commissioned for her early 1950s television show, becoming the first hit song ever introduced on television. Troubled by the outbreak of the Korean War in 1952 so soon after World War II, Froman invited the four men to compose a song which would offer hope and faith to the people. Over the years the song written for Americans became a world-wide success with Frankie Laine singing the most popular version.  [1]   Just as Jane Froman who suffered chronic pain and wore a leg brace for most of her life after surviving a plane crash in February, 1943 while she was touring army camps in war torn Europe, commissioned this song to lift the spirits of people fearing the Korean War would become World War III, so did the Christian Church develop popular statements of faith to sustain its members in the face of heresy. Every, declaration in The Creed was an early Church attempt to clarify the Churchs beliefs and theology. ADOPTIONISM Lord and Christ The Man Jesus KENOTICISM Divine Pre-existence Lord and Christ The Man Jesus DOCETISM The eternal Lord Human appearance The Church took many hundreds of years to develop the beliefs and theology which you and I take for granted. During the first 400-500 years the Churchs theologians and those who repudiated them debated and discussed the nature of Jesus Christ: Was He human? Was He divine? Could He be both divine and human at the same time? The Church also tussled controversially with non-believers about the crucified Christ. If Jesus was divine, how could He suffer on the Cross? Wouldnt He just go through the motions of dying without actually experiencing human pain? The people who said this was the case, not only denied Jesus humanity, but also denied His human birth to Mary, His mother and denied His human death and descent into hell. Christians had to think carefully about such issues. They had to be even more careful about how they stated their beliefs: on one hand so they would clearly delineate Gods revelation and on another hand repulse all wrong proclamations and teachings. SLIDE FOUR To say I believe in God, the Father Almighty, The Maker of heaven and earth was to align Christian beliefs and theology with Judaism from which Christianity had emerged. It was also to set Christianity apart from Greek and Roman religions and all other religious practices and proclamations by which devotees worshipped many gods. To say I believe in Jesus Christ, His only Son, our Lord who was conceived by the Holy Spirit and born of the Virgin Mary was to set Christianity apart from Judaism and, in the seventh century, from Islam. Christians commitment and devotion to Jesus Christ sets every Christian apart from everyone else in the world, because Christians commit to and worship only God whom you know through Jesus Christ. The name Jesus comes from the Aramaic name Yeshua (Joshua), from Hebrew Yah-shua, meaning God saves which was a popular name of the time.  [2]  The name points to Him being an historical person and not a figment of someones wild imagination. Jesus is often called Jesus Christ or Christ with Christ being the English term for the Greek ÃŽÃ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ Ã…’à Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ meaning the anointed one. It is a translation of the Hebrew Ãâ€"Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€" ¸Ãƒâ€" ©Ãƒâ€" ´Ãƒâ€" Ãƒâ€"â„ ¢Ãƒâ€"-Ãâ€" · (MÄ Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ®aà ¡Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¥), usually transliterated into English as Messiah.  [3]  Use of this title grants Jesus a specific place in History. When you declare that you believe in Jesus Christ your Lord, you are seeing Him in His role in relation to your personal spiritual needs. Only through Jesus Christ can you hope to know God, so He overcomes your ignorance of God. Only through Jesus Christ can you hope to be related with God, annihilating your estrangement from God. Only through Jesus Christ can you receive the guidance and protection you need to live as believers who know God and are reconciled to Him. SLIDE FIVE When John wrote of such things, he called Jesus Christ the Word of God (John 1.1-4). He assumed that anyone who read his Gospel would have at least a working knowledge of the Old Testament and of Judaism within both of which the Messiah is referred to as the Word. John assumed that his readers would know that Jesus, as the Word, was active and powerful in Creation (Genesis 1), in deliverance of Gods people (Isaiah 42.1-9; 49.1-7; 52.13-53.12) and judgement of peoples behaviour and belief (Psalm 96.13). SLIDE SIX Comments such as those John made in the first few verses of his Gospel (John 1.1-4) underpinned the stand the Church took against heresy. SLIDE SEVEN In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God. All things came into being through Him and without Him not one thing came into being. What has come into being in Him was life and the life was the light of all people. (John 1.1-4 NRSV) When John started his Gospel with these words, he indicated his belief that Jesus was eternal, sharing eternity with God His Father, because In the beginning was the Word: i.e., Jesus existed before the creation of the world and the human race. John also gave the Church a theological foundation upon which it could establish declarations such as The Apostles Creed. In the way human beings measure Time, Jesus was in the beginning with God and, because He rose from the dead defeating death, He has no end. Yes! Jesus lived as a man within Time for about thirty-three years, but Time did not bind Him. He was not like God, because He was God actually, is God. Where God is, Jesus is. With these words John countered the heretical claim that God the Father and Jesus the Son were two distinct entities two distinct separate beings. SLIDE EIGHT John also stated his belief that Jesus participated in the Creation of the world and Mankind, because nothing was made without Him being the Creator: All things came into being through Him and without Him not one thing came into being (John 1.3; Hebrews 1.10). Also, What has come into being in Him was life and the life was the light of all people (John 1.4). Jesus not only participated in Creation, but also in giving life to people. Jesus did not just create, but also continues to provide, so that life can go on and on. SLIDE NINE CONCLUSION Although the Church published the first known appearance of The Apostles Creed about 710-714AD  [4]  , Christians of most persuasions have used it repeatedly to affirm their faith and to give them a basis for further theological thinking. In todays western society in which Christianity is increasingly marginalised and in which indifference and a lack of sympathy towards Christianity is spreading obliges all Christians to behave openly as believers and to declare their beliefs more boldly using The Apostles Creed. You are encouraged to clarify your beliefs for yourself and others and underpin your Christian behaviour. I:sermons 2010Christian Year 2010Pentecost 17 Location Raymond Terrace 19-09-2010 Scripture John 1.1-18 Hebrews 12.1-4 Sources Bettenson, H. Documents of the Christian Church (OUP) Oxford 1993 repr. 23-24 Bray, G. Creeds, Councils and Christ (IVP) Leicester 1984 98-104, 212-214 Leith, J.H. Creeds of the Churches (John Knox Press) Louisville 1982 22-24 Milne, B. The Message of John (IVP) 1993 31-50 Packer, J.I. Affirming the Apostles Creed (Crossway) Wheaton 2008 24-36 Scriptures Nestle-Aland Greek-English New Testament (Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft) Stuttgart 1971 26th Edition Thomson Chain Reference Bible NIV (B.B.Kirkbridge Zondervan Company) New York Lexicon Perschbacher, W.J. (ed.,) The New Analytical Greek Lexicon (Hendrickson) Peabody 2006 repr.

gender roles inherent or socialized? Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The belief that gender roles are inherently biological is a cultural fallacy, which can lead to an inability to effectively communicate when we do not assess each individual’s personality. Research of this topic is necessary in order to learn how to completely understand how to communicate. When trying to communicate with an individual there are more variables than simply gender that need to be assessed. However, there are many ways that society implies that this is not necessary. Our society has been taught that gender roles are inherent, biological and behavioral characteristics. This belief is perpetuated through mass media, toys, clothing trends, advertisements, architecture, food and virtually everything else around us. This process begins at birth and continues through adulthood. These gender roles that society has set before us before us can be demeaning and create obstacles as well. At this point, it is necessary to define the terms sex and gender as they will be used. The book ‘Sex and Gender Differences in Personal Relationships’ defines sex as â€Å"the biological distinctions between men and women,† and gender as â€Å"the social, psychological and cultural differentiations between men and women (Canary and Emmers- Sommer p.6).†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is one of the important factors to address because it proves the point that while there are obviously differences between men and women, everyone of the same sex cannot be specifi...

Sadies perspective paper

I never thought of before. Brainstorm Of Mice and Men John Steinbeck Crooks African American and physically disabled Elementally challenged Curly wife how women were treated Thesis Statement The author, John Steinbeck in his book Of Mice and Men helped my understanding and interpretation of how women were treated in the time that this b ask was written through the character Curler's wife.They were lonely, misunderstood and mi striated. Title Brainstorm Woman's problem Woman's woes Outline for UP Essay Introduction Hook (Quote, universal Statement, Question, etc. ) to get your reader interested in the general topic Have you ever been judged by the way you look or what you do? And as a result you w ere mistreated.Transition/ Smoothing Sentence(s) to show the connection between your hook and your primary focus of your essay Thesis Statement to narrow your focus to the point you are arguing (sometimes with t ere mall points provided to clarify your focus) The author, John Steinbeck in hi s book Of Mice and Men helped my understanding and interpretation of how woman were treated in the time that this book was written through the character, Curlers wife.They were lonely, misunderstood and mistreated. 1st Main Idea: lonely Topic Sentence Woman In the asses were lonely like Curler's wife. Supporting Details/ Evidence (including examples and, if a literary analysis essay, quotes)

Is biological pest control better than chemical pest control?

Food is vital for humans to survive, the population of the world is immense as it approaches 6 billion and all these humans need to be fed on a continual basis. Therefore, a large quantity of food needs to be produced rapidly and on a very large scale. Generally farmers across the western world do produce food very quickly and efficiently and there tends to be a surplus of food, whereas, in less developed countries they have a shortage of food. Due to the size of the world's population and it's high levels of demand for food farmers are unable to leave crops alone and let them grow naturally. Read this  Respiratory Activity For example, one-third of the crops that are grown worldwide are spoiled by pests, animals particularly insects and many plants. Certain types of crops grow better in certain set conditions and there are many different factors which effect the crop yield. Crops grow by photosynthesis, the environmental factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis, are light intensity, concentration of carbon dioxide in the air, and the surrounding temperatures. All the requirements for photosynthesis need to be available at a good rate and supply, the light intensity which is usually supplied by the sun needs to be at suitable intensity, which means the crop will only grow certain times of the year due to the amount of light available. The same applies to the concentration of carbon dioxide, which usually does not tend to cause a problem, as there is ample supply of carbon dioxide in the surrounding air, however if it is ever to run low the crops will not grow. The temperature is another factor which has a huge effect on the growth of crops, if the temperature is to get too high this would prevent any growth of the plant as it would not be able to deal with the extreme temperature killing off the chlorophyll that the plant requires to grow. However if the temperature is decreased to a very low temperature this will restrict any growth, as the plant will not be able to function properly. Therefore, all these factors need to be at the correct rate for the crop to be able to grow sufficiently. Many different types of crops such as maize, corn, wheat, rice, fruit and vegetables are grown at different times throughout the year and most farming is usually based on monoculture. Which is where one type of crop is grown in a certain piece of land, this technique of mass production tends to cause many problems and is not as straight forward as it seems. If crops are growing extremely well and conditions are correct and all the crops have all their requirements at the right rate and intensity there is still one other factor which would still prevent a perfect yield from being produced which are known as pests. These pests still destroy all crop yields, by destroying the crop its self and restricting growth in certain ways. When crops are grown they are just like plants in that they compete for mineral ions, water from the soil and light, however when crops are grown using the monoculture method there usually isn't a problem because it's the same crop being grown and so the conditions can be controlled. However, the problems that do arise is that if there is a large concentration of the same crop in one area and they are all in close proximity to each other then there is the potential of the crop being infected by diseases, fungi, unwanted plants and insects which will then lead to the rapid destruction of large areas of the crop. There are a number of different pests, for example, insects, fungi and weeds that effect individual crops in different ways; like insects, fungi and weeds. Weeds are plants that grow in places we do not want them to grow and there optimum growth occurs in ground disturbed by human activity. They compete with cultivated plants for space, water and minerals. Worldwide, about 10% of crop yield are lost because of weed growth. Weeds tend to come in different sizes and they can be long and the same length as the crops, which means their roots are able to reach deep into the ground and take the nutrients, they require leaving many shortages for the crops. Also weeds can sometimes have broad leafs that cover the crops and so take all the sunlight and restrict the amount of sunlight reaching the crop. The competition between the crops and weed, which is organisms of different species, is known as interspecific competition. Occasionally you may come across weeds that are very small and do not do any real harm to the crops. The insect pests work in many different ways, each kind of plant has its own species of aphids, and these little creatures have small mouthparts, which they use to suck sap from plants. The loss of sap can be harmful to the plant in many ways in that, it can cause leaves to curl up and become distorted. The leaves are the place where photosynthesis takes place; the curled up leaf leaves the plant unable to photosynthesise efficiently and so can leave the plant stunted. Another way in which aphids can effect crops are, that as the aphids suck in the sap if that crop was diseased they could pick up the disease or virus and then go suck on another plant which would then pass the disease or virus on, which would spread the disease to many plants, any organism which spreads disease or viruses from host to host is known as a vector. Also if the aphids take in to much sap they tend to secrete it through their abdomens, this is usually a sticky honey dew which forms a sticky droplet which attracts ants, which then attack the crop even further. So altogether there are a number of ways in which crops are prevented from being grown. The ways in which these pests can be controlled and crops can be grown without too many problems is that we can put into the environment a chemical substance that kills the pest, which is called pesticides, or we can put into the environment another organism, which kills the pest, which is known as biological control. A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or repelling any pests. Chemical control is the use of pesticides. Insects, which eat crops, can be killed with insecticides. Fungi, which grow on crops, are controlled with fungicides. Weeds, which compete with crop plants for water, light and minerals, can be controlled with herbicides; pesticides are usually applied as pellets, powders or sprays. Many different chemical substances are used as pesticides; there are contact pesticides, systemic pesticides and residual pesticides. The contact pesticides are used as spray as they are sprayed straight on to the crop where the pests are living and as the contact insecticides spray comes in contact with the insect, the insect tends to absorb it in through its gas-exchange pores, the spiracles, along its body. This is where it attacks the insects and poisons them. The same process occurs with contact herbicides and fungicides the surface of the plant absorbs the poison through, and so the poison then attacks it there. This method is not very expensive however they need to be reapplied continuously as there are always pests, which are missed out, and the affect of it does not last very long. Systemic pesticides work in a similar way as they are sprayed straight on to the crop where the leaves and surface of the plant absorbs it in and so it is transported all around the plant. Therefore, whenever a sap-sucking insect comes along it sucks the poison into its body, and this eventually results in the killing of the creature. This method for systemic insecticides is very effective because the spray does not have to come into contact with the insect so it only attacks the insects that attack the crops. Systemic herbicides are also quite effective in that they are able to be sprayed onto the surface of the leaf where they get absorbed and then have that poison transported all along the weed killing off the tissue and even reach the roots. Residual pesticides can also be quite effective, as they are also sprayed directly on to the soil and instead of attacking the actual insect or weed they attack any insect egg and larvae, and weed seedling as they germinate. All these methods are used for chemical pest control; chemical pest control is very effective in that this is the most popular method in the UK for farming large number of crops, to provide the large population of the UK. However even though chemical pest control is very effective and is very popular there are a number of disadvantages of using chemical pesticides. Firstly, chemical pest controls involve many chemicals that can be very dangerous if they are not monitored correctly. Therefore, chemical pest controls must be safe for farmers to use and must not damage the environment. To provide this there must be continual testing and development carried out on all pesticides. This can be very expensive and this expense will be passed onto the farmer in the form of the pesticide costing a huge amount of money. This expense is taken by the farmer on the premise that it will assist in the good growth of his crops, however, the disadvantage being that it may not work at all! It is also known that pesticides damage the environment a great deal, Pesticides can badly affect wildlife through changes in the food web, direct and indirect poisoning. And their harmful effects may show up in animals, which have no direct relationship to the original pest. In that in the 1950's many of the pesticide used did a lot of damage to the environment especially one DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane). It was used to kill insects, however people didn't realise that it is a persistent insecticide, which means it doesn't break down but remains in the body of insects and the soil. So whenever a bird or other organisms ate the insects they ate the DDT too. And so the DDT stayed in their bodies and just began to accumulate. Also as well as being persistent it was also non-specific as most pesticides are. This means that it not only harms the insect it's meant to but also harms other living things. For example in the 1960s, the gannet population in Quebec began to shrink. The shells of the gannets' eggs were too thin to protect the embryos. Once the egg had been examined they realised DDT was the culprit. Because there where large concentration of DDT in the birds because of all the pests they had consumed which had been sprayed with it. Many other birds such as ospreys, eagles and peregrine falcons also had been affected greatly and populations of those birds had declined. Also all the chemical sprays that are sprayed into the air will have a great effect on the atmosphere. So many pesticides harm the environment a great deal, even though many tests are done before hand. Pesticides also change wildlife habitat, for example if a herbicide was put down on certain plants or vegetation, animals that depend on that piece of vegetation find it difficult to live any longer and so slowly will begin to die out, and so if they begin to die out then the population of their predator that relies on that particular creature, will begin to decrease. Another problem, that that may arise is if a particular pesticide is used a lot the pest may eventually become resistant to it. The pesticide no longer kills the pest and so a new one has to be developed at all times which results in more resources and cash flow being ploughed into developing and testing. Also once the pesticides are applied, they can be used up quickly and if it rains they sometimes need to be reapplied which takes much time and effort because special clothing and safety measures need to be carried out each time. The most important disadvantage of using chemical pesticides are that the crops that have been produced using pesticides are now covered with chemicals which we will now eat and which can be very harmful for us. Another major harm to humans is to farmers, who are using the pesticides and are in contact with it on a continual basis and it has led to them becoming extremely ill, for example, in parts of the UK, farmers and their families are being diagnosed with illnesses, which are associated with pesticide poisoning. Such conditions as multiple sclerosis that are occurring in many of the farmers, especially in the cases where they use sheep dipping as part of their work. Also in less developed countries the farmers are effected a lot more because they do not have all the specially designed clothing which they require and so in places like Malaysia and Sri Lanka, 7 to 15 per cent of farmers experience poisoning at least once in their lives. The advantages of using pesticides are that all these chemicals do produce the maximum amount of food, which is very cheap for the consumer, because the farmers are able to produce on a mass scale, using the chemicals to make sure they have a high-quality crop yield. Also pesticides work very fast and most of the time instantaneously, once applied to the ground. With pesticides you usually have a guarantee that they will work and be extremely effective, and solve the pest problem. Chemical pest control is one way to control pests even though there are a number of disadvantages, however the other way to stop pests from destroying crops are by biological control. Biological control is not using chemicals but the use of a specially chosen living organism to control particular pests; the chosen organism may be a predator, parasite or disease, which will attack the harmful insect. It is a form of manipulating nature to increase a desired effect. Examples of this are usually A bluebird: it eats insects to prevent damage to trees and gardens. They are found throughout the United States, UK and Canada A ladybird beetle: it eats small soft insects, which prevents damage to fruit and crops. They are found throughout North America. A garden spider: consumes insects with wings by catching them in a sticky web that it spins. Usually found in America and UK. Biological control is usually done in three ways known as classical biological control, conservation and augmentation, these are three ways to use these natural enemies against unwanted insect pest population. Classical biological control is to import which involves travelling to the country or area from which a newly introduced pest originated and returning with some of the natural anomies that attacked it and kept it from being a pest there. New pests are constantly arriving accidentally or intentionally. Sometimes they survive. When they come, their enemies are left behind. If they become a pest, introducing some of their natural enemies can be an important way to reduce the amount of harm they can do. The second method is conservation; conservation of natural enemies is an important part in any biological control effort. This involves identifying any factors that limit the effectiveness of a particular natural enemy and changing them to help the beneficial species. Conservation of natural enemies involves either reducing factors, which interfere with the natural enemies, or providing needed resources that help natural enemies. The final method is augmentation; augmentation is a method of increasing the population of a natural enemy, which attacks a pest. This can be done by mass producing a pest in a laboratory and releasing it into the field at the proper time. Another method of augmentation is breeding a better natural enemy, which can attack or find its prey more effectively. Mass rearing can be released at special times when the pest is most susceptible and natural enemies are not yet present, or they can be released in such large numbers that few pests go untouched by their enemies. The augmentation method relies upon continual human management and does not provide a permanent solution unlike the importation or conservation approaches may. There is also another way in which pests can be controlled using the biological control method, which is known as Biochemical pesticides these are natural occurring substances, which are safe. This is because most plants and animals produce chemicals that can be used, as pesticides, the oils and seeds are usually the substances, which can be pesticides. For example many insects produce chemical substances called Pheromones, which attract the opposite sex. Synthesised pheromones are sometimes used to attract pest insects into traps. The traps are usually sticky which hold the insects and so enables you to get rid of them by killing off the insects. Another method of biological control is crop rotation this helps to discourage pests. Since different pests affect different crops, crop rotation can be very effective method of pest control. Using crop rotation means that there is high possibility of pests dying out before the same plant is grown on the soil again. In many cases, removing their preferred food and shelter can control pest populations. Examples of crop rotation are below. Year1: potatoes – may be affected by potato cyst eelworm Year 2: cabbage – may be affected by clubroot and brassica cyst eelworm Year3: beans – root nodule bacteria improve soil nitrate supply All these methods of biological controls can be used however they also have many disadvantages to them, just as chemical control biological control takes more intensive management and planning. It can take more time; require more record keeping, more patience, and sometimes more education or training. Because a successful use of biological control requires a greater understanding of the biology of both the pest and its enemies. Also often the result of using biological control is not as dramatic or quick as the results of pesticide use, which can react very quickly. The aim is not to wipe out the pest because this could be counter-productive. If the pest were reduced to such an extent that it no longer provided enough food for the predator, then the predator in its turn would be wiped out. The few remaining pest could then increase their population rapidly, in the absence of the controlling agent. The ideal situation is where the controlling agent and the pest exist in balance with one another, but at a level where the pest has no major affect on the crop yield. Even though biological control has disadvantages it also has many advantages. Biological control, overall is a far safer method as it reduces the environmental and public safety hazards of chemicals, as the food we are eating is not covered with poisonous sprays and the air is not being polluted by sprays which we breath in that can be quite harmful to us. Also biological control is cheaper for the farmer to use overall because like pesticides they don't have to be reapplied continuously, once they have been introduced they begin to work and consume the pest, so together its cheaper and less time consuming and easier to apply. Another advantage of biological control is that the pest are less likely to become resistant to the control organism then they are to pesticides, which means unlike pesticides a new pesticide doesn't have to be developed on a regular basis. Also unlike most insecticides biological controls are often very specific for a particular pest. The biological and chemical controls of pests work very well individually however the two can be used together, this is known as integrated control. This method can be very successful as was shown in Indonesia in 1970's, when they began to use large numbers of pesticides to control the pests to produce high yields strains of rice. There where a lot of brown planthopper pests, and so farmers found them selves spraying up to 8 times a season, to get rid of the pests however it was later discovered that the insecticide was the problem of the large number of these pests. This is because the sprays had wiped out all the natural predators of the pest, particularly the spiders and yet only had a limited effect on the pest its self. So it was here that the integrated control was introduced. With integrated control the use of pesticides is always the last resort with the minimum amount used. This then prevents pests and enables large healthy yields of crops without using too many pesticides, which have many disadvantages. However using integrated pest management is not always easy, the technique requires time, knowledge and dedication on the part of the farmer. Overall when using pest controls there are a number of factors to consider, to get maximum effect and sustain pest control. The important factors to consider are how efficient each method is at controlling the pest, the cost, damage that might be caused to the environment, and possible health hazards. When considering how efficient each method is at controlling pests I think both are quite good in their own way in that biological control is aimed at the one pest whereas chemical pesticides tend to infect all insects and plants that they are sprayed on. However at the same time chemical works a lot faster and targets the problem more efficiently whereas biological takes a lot more time to establish its self to the environment and take effect. The cost is a lot cheaper for the biological, because even though it costs a lot to research and develop to make sure everything is correct and working well, it doesn't cost the farmers a lot to get the method started, and once it has been applied it doesn't have to be re-applied continuously like chemical control. Also with chemical control there is the extra cost on top to develop and test the chemical product, also new chemical products need to be developed continuously at all times because pests become resistant to them quickly unlike biological control. Even though biological requires a lot of development, training and testing it only has to be done once and then there usually is a result, and doesn't have to be repeated over and over again to develop new pesticides like chemical control. Damage that might be caused to the environment is mostly caused by chemical control because there are a number of pollutants sprayed into the air, which infect the atmosphere, and there are a lot of chemicals going in to the soils, which also damages the soil. Also if pesticides are persistent a large concentration can be built up in different animals, which can cause problems and be dangerous to those animals. Additionally pesticides are not selective and harm creatures that don't need to be infected; also a number of habitats can be destroyed when certain plants are killed. Whereas biological don't have any environmental effects and so biological controls would be a better one to use. Possible health hazards are that chemical controls can be dangerous to the people who have to apply them to the ground and also the food we eat has absorbed the spray and so they can infect us and harm our bodies. However biological controls do not have any health hazards, therefore, are very safe and is the better one to use. In addition in the developed world we have become increasingly concerned about the long-term effects that chemical pesticides and herbicides may have on us as we eat our well-sprayed food. We have also become progressively greener over recent years, with more and more people expressing concern over the future of the earth and our effect on it. Substituting biological control for chemical intervention therefore seems like a very good idea. The developing world cannot yet afford such concerns the main struggle for many developing nations is to be able to feed all their hungry mouths. But in these countries too the cost of chemical control and the increasing resistance of pests to the expensive chemicals are adding another powerful voice to the arguments in favour of biological control as an integrated part of pest management. So overall the one I think is best and has least problems and safest to use is the biological controls.